Account Standard 11
This query is : Resolved
05 January 2008
Hi Madan,
Accounting Standard (AS) 11(revised 2003) is detailed hereunder:
Rates (revised 2003), issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods
commencing on or after 1-4-2004 and is mandatory in nature from that
date. The revised Standard supersedes Accounting Standard (AS) 11,
Accounting for the Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates (1994),
except that in respect of accounting for transactions in foreign currencies
entered into by the reporting enterprise itself or through its branches before
the date this Standard comes into effect, AS 11 (1994) will continue to be
applicable.
The following is the text of the revised Accounting Standard.
Objective
An enterprise may carry on activities involving foreign exchange in two
ways. It may have transactions in foreign currencies or it may have foreign
operations. In order to include foreign currency transactions and foreign
* Originally issued in 1989 and revised in 1994. The standard has been revised
again in 2003.
Scope
1. This Statement should be applied:
(a) in accounting for transactions in foreign currencies; and
(b) in translating the financial statements of foreign operations.
2. This Statement also deals with accounting for foreign currency
transactions in the nature of forward exchange contracts.3
3 It may be noted that on the basis of a decision of the Council at its meeting held on
June 24-26, 2004, an Announcement titled ‘Applicability of Accounting Standard
(AS) 11 (revised 2003), The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, in respect
of exchange differences arising on a forward exchange contract entered into to hedge
the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment or a highly probable forecast transaction’
has been issued. The Announcement clarifies that AS 11 (revised 2003) does
not deal with the accounting of exchange difference arising on a forward exchange
contract entered into to hedge the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment or a highly probable forecast transaction. It has also been separately clarified that AS 11 (revised 2003) continues to be applicable to exchange differences on all other forward
exchange contracts. The Institute, in January 2006, issued an Announcement
on ‘Accounting for exchange differences arising on a forward exchange contract
entered into to hedge the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment or a highly probable forecast transaction’ (published in ‘The Chartered Accountant’ January 2006 (pp.1090-1091)). As per the subsequent Announcements issued in this regard, the said Announcement would be applicable in respect of accounting period(s) commencing on or after April 1, 2007. [For full text of the Announcements issued in this regard, reference may be made to the section titled ‘Announcements of the Council regarding status of various documents issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India’ appearing at the beginning of this Compendium.]
AS 11 (revised 2003)
3. This Statement does not specify the currency in which an enterprise
presents its financial statements. However, an enterprise normally uses the
currency of the country in which it is domiciled. If it uses a different
currency, this Statement requires disclosure of the reason for using that
currency. This Statement also requires disclosure of the reason for any
change in the reporting currency.
4. This Statement does not deal with the restatement of an enterprise’s
financial statements from its reporting currency into another currency for
the convenience of users accustomed to that currency or for similar purposes.
5. This Statement does not deal with the presentation in a cash flow
statement of cash flows arising from transactions in a foreign currency and
the translation of cash flows of a foreign operation (see AS 3, Cash Flow
Statements).
6. This Statement does not deal with exchange differences arising from
foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an
adjustment to interest costs (see paragraph 4(e) of AS 16, Borrowing
Costs).
Definitions
7. The following terms are used in this Statement with the meanings
specified:
Average rate is the mean of the exchange rates in force during a
period. Closing rate is the exchange rate at the balance sheet date. Exchange difference is the difference resulting from reporting the same number of units of a foreign currency in the reporting currency at different exchange rates.
Exchange rate is the ratio for exchange of two currencies.
Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.
Foreign currency is a currency other than the reporting currency of an enterprise.
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates
Foreign operation is a subsidiary , associate , joint venture or branch
of the reporting enterprise, the activities of which are based or
conducted in a country other than the country of the reporting
enterprise.
Forward exchange contract means an agreement to exchange different currencies at a forward rate.
Forward rate is the specified exchange rate for exchange of two currencies at a specified future date.
Integral foreign operation is a foreign operation, the activities of which are an integral part of those of the reporting enterprise.
Monetary items are money held and assets and liabilities to be received or paid in fixed or determinable amounts of money.
Net investment in a non-integral foreign operation is the reporting enterprise’s share in the net assets of that operation.
Non-integral foreign operation is a foreign operation that is not an integral foreign operation.
Non-monetary items are assets and liabilities other than monetary
items.
Reporting currency is the currency used in presenting the financial
statements.
Foreign Currency Transactions
Initial Recognition
8. A foreign currency transaction is a transaction which is denominated
in or requires settlement in a foreign currency, including transactions arising
when an enterprise either:
9. A foreign currency transaction should be recorded, on initial
recognition in the reporting currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.
10. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual rate at the
date of the transaction is often used, for example, an average rate for a
week or a month might be used for all transactions in each foreign currency
occurring during that period. However, if exchange rates fluctuate significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is unreliable.
Reporting at Subsequent Balance Sheet Dates
11. At each balance sheet date:
(a) foreign currency monetary items should be reported using the closing rate. However, in certain circumstances, the closing rate may not reflect with reasonable accuracy the amount in reporting currency that is likely to be realised from, or required to disburse, a foreign currency monetary item at the balance sheet date, e.g., where there are
restrictions on remittances or where the closing rate is unrealistic and it is not possible to effect an exchange of currencies at that rate at the balance sheet date. In such circumstances, the relevant monetary item should be reported
in the reporting currency at the amount which is likely to be realised from, or required to disburse, such item at the
balance sheet date;
(b) non-monetary items which are carried in terms of historical Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates cost denominated in a foreign currency should be reported
using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and
(c) non-monetary items which are carried at fair value or other similar valuation denominated in a foreign currency should
be reported using the exchange rates that existed when the values were determined.
12. Cash, receivables, and payables are examples of monetary items.
Fixed assets, inventories, and investments in equity shares are examples of non-monetary items. The carrying amount of an item is determined in accordance with the relevant Accounting Standards. For example, certain assets may be measured at fair value or other similar valuation (e.g., net realisable value) or at historical cost. Whether the carrying amount is determined based on fair value or other similar valuation or at historical cost, the amounts so determined for foreign currency items are then reported in the reporting currency in accordance with this Statement. The
contingent liability denominated in foreign currency at the balance sheet
date is disclosed by using the closing rate.
Recognition of Exchange Differences7
13. Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items
It may be noted that the Institute has issued in 2003 an Announcement titled
‘Treatment of exchange differences under Accounting Standard (AS) 11 (revised
2003), The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates vis-a-vis Schedule VI to the
Companies Act, 1956’. As per the Announcement, the requirement with regard to
treatment of exchange differences contained in AS 11 (revised 2003), is different from
Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956, since AS 11 (revised 2003) does not require the adjustment of exchange differences in the carrying amount of the fixed assets, in the situations envisaged in Schedule VI. It has been clarified that pending the amendment, if any, to Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956, in respect of the matter, a company adopting the treatment described in Schedule VI will still be considered to be complying with AS 11 (revised 2003) for the purposes of section 211 of the Act. Accordingly, the auditor of the company should not assert non-compliance
with AS 11 (2003) under section 227(3)(d) of the Act in such a case and should not
qualify his report in this regard on the true and fair view of the state of the company’s affairs and profit or loss of the company under section 227(2) of the Act. (published in ‘The Chartered Accountant’, November, 2003, pp. 497.) The full text of the
Announcement has been reproduced in the section titled ‘Announcements of
the Council regarding status of various documents issued by the Institute of
Chartered Accountants of India’ appearing at the beginning of this Compendium.
164 AS 11 (revised 2003) or on reporting an enterprise’s monetary items at rates different from those at which they were initially recorded during the period, or reported in previous financial statements, should be recognised as income or as expenses in the period in which they arise, with the exception of
exchange differences dealt with in accordance with paragraph 15.
14. An exchange difference results when there is a change in the exchange
rate between the transaction date and the date of settlement of any monetary
items arising from a foreign currency transaction. When the transaction is
settled within the same accounting period as that in which it occurred, all
the exchange difference is recognised in that period. However, when the
transaction is settled in a subsequent accounting period, the exchange
difference recognised in each intervening period up to the period of settlement
is determined by the change in exchange rates during that period.
Net Investment in a Non-integral Foreign Operation
15. Exchange differences arising on a monetary item that, in substance, forms part of an enterprise’s net investment in a nonintegral foreign operation should be accumulated in a foreign currency
translation reserve in the enterprise’s financial statements until the disposal of the net investment, at which time they should be recognised as income or as expenses in accordance with paragraph 31.
16. An enterprise may have a monetary item that is receivable from, or payable to, a non-integral foreign operation. An item for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future is, in substance, an extension to, or deduction from, the enterprise’s net investment in that non-integral foreign operation. Such monetary items may include long-term receivables or loans but do not include trade receivables or trade payables.
Financial Statements of Foreign Operations
Classification of Foreign Operations
17. The method used to translate the financial statements of a foreign
operation depends on the way in which it is financed and operates in relation to the reporting enterprise. For this purpose, foreign operations are
classified as either “integral foreign operations” or “non-integral foreign
operations”.
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 165
18. A foreign operation that is integral to the operations of the reporting
enterprise carries on its business as if it were an extension of the reporting
enterprise’s operations. For example, such a foreign operation might only
sell goods imported from the reporting enterprise and remit the proceeds to
the reporting enterprise. In such cases, a change in the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the currency in the country of foreign operation has an almost immediate effect on the reporting enterprise’s cash flow from operations. Therefore, the change in the exchange rate
affects the individual monetary items held by the foreign operation rather
than the reporting enterprise’s net investment in that operation.
19. In contrast, a non-integral foreign operation accumulates cash and
other monetary items, incurs expenses, generates income and perhaps arranges borrowings, all substantially in its local currency. It may also enter into transactions in foreign currencies, including transactions in the reporting currency. When there is a change in the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the local currency, there is little or no direct effect on the present and future cash flows from operations of either the non-integral foreign operation or the reporting enterprise. The change in
the exchange rate affects the reporting enterprise’s net investment in the
non-integral foreign operation rather than the individual monetary and nonmonetary items held by the non-integral foreign operation.
20. The following are indications that a foreign operation is a non-integral
foreign operation rather than an integral foreign operation:
(a) while the reporting enterprise may control the foreign operation,
the activities of the foreign operation are carried out with a
significant degree of autonomy from those of the reporting
enterprise;
(b) transactions with the reporting enterprise are not a high
proportion of the foreign operation’s activities;
(c) the activities of the foreign operation are financed mainly from
its own operations or local borrowings rather than from the reporting enterprise;
(d) costs of labour, material and other components of the foreign
operation’s products or services are primarily paid or settled in
the local currency rather than in the reporting currency;
(e) the foreign operation’s sales are mainly in currencies other than
the reporting currency;
(f) cash flows of the reporting enterprise are insulated from the
day-to-day activities of the foreign operation rather than being
directly affected by the activities of the foreign operation;
(g) sales prices for the foreign operation’s products are not primarily
responsive on a short-term basis to changes in exchange rates
but are determined more by local competition or local government
regulation; and
(h) there is an active local sales market for the foreign operation’s
products, although there also might be significant amounts of
exports.
The appropriate classification for each operation can, in principle, be
established from factual information related to the indicators listed above.
In some cases, the classification of a foreign operation as either a nonintegral
foreign operation or an integral foreign operation of the reporting
enterprise may not be clear, and judgement is necessary to determine
the appropriate classification.
Integral Foreign Operations
21. The financial statements of an integral foreign operation should
be translated using the principles and procedures in paragraphs 8 to
16 as if the transactions of the foreign operation had been those of the
reporting enterprise itself.
22. The individual items in the financial statements of the foreign operation
are translated as if all its transactions had been entered into by the reporting
enterprise itself. The cost and depreciation of tangible fixed assets is
translated using the exchange rate at the date of purchase of the asset or,
if the asset is carried at fair value or other similar valuation, using the rate
that existed on the date of the valuation. The cost of inventories is translated
at the exchange rates that existed when those costs were incurred. The
recoverable amount or realisable value of an asset is translated using the
exchange rate that existed when the recoverable amount or net realisable
value was determined. For example, when the net realisable value of an
item of inventory is determined in a foreign currency, that value is translated
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 167
using the exchange rate at the date as at which the net realisable value is
determined. The rate used is therefore usually the closing rate. An adjustment
may be required to reduce the carrying amount of an asset in the financial
statements of the reporting enterprise to its recoverable amount or net
realisable value even when no such adjustment is necessary in the financial
statements of the foreign operation. Alternatively, an adjustment in the
financial statements of the foreign operation may need to be reversed in
the financial statements of the reporting enterprise.
23. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual rate at the
date of the transaction is often used, for example, an average rate for a
week or a month might be used for all transactions in each foreign currency
occurring during that period. However, if exchange rates fluctuate
significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is unreliable.
Non-integral Foreign Operations
24. In translating the financial statements of a non-integral foreign
operation for incorporation in its financial statements, the reporting
enterprise should use the following procedures:
(a) the assets and liabilities, both monetary and non-monetary,
of the non-integral foreign operation should be translated
at the closing rate;
(b) income and expense items of the non-integral foreign
operation should be translated at exchange rates at the
dates of the transactions; and
(c) all resulting exchange differences should be accumulated
in a foreign currency translation reserve until the disposal
of the net investment.
25. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual exchange
rates, for example an average rate for the period, is often used to translate
income and expense items of a foreign operation.
26. The translation of the financial statements of a non-integral foreign
operation results in the recognition of exchange differences arising from:
(a) translating income and expense items at the exchange rates at
168 AS 11 (revised 2003)
the dates of transactions and assets and liabilities at the closing
rate;
(b) translating the opening net investment in the non-integral foreign
operation at an exchange rate different from that at which it
was previously reported; and
(c) other changes to equity in the non-integral foreign operation.
These exchange differences are not recognised as income or expenses for
the period because the changes in the exchange rates have little or no
direct effect on the present and future cash flows from operations of either
the non-integral foreign operation or the reporting enterprise. When a nonintegral
foreign operation is consolidated but is not wholly owned,
accumulated exchange differences arising from translation and attributable
to minority interests are allocated to, and reported as part of, the minority
interest in the consolidated balance sheet.
27. Any goodwill or capital reserve arising on the acquisition of a nonintegral
foreign operation is translated at the closing rate in accordance
with paragraph 24.
28. A contingent liability disclosed in the financial statements of a nonintegral
foreign operation is translated at the closing rate for its disclosure
in the financial statements of the reporting enterprise.
29. The incorporation of the financial statements of a non-integral foreign
operation in those of the reporting enterprise follows normal consolidation
procedures, such as the elimination of intra-group balances and intra-group
transactions of a subsidiary (see AS 21, Consolidated Financial Statements,
and AS 27, Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures). However,
an exchange difference arising on an intra-group monetary item, whether
short-term or long-term, cannot be eliminated against a corresponding
amount arising on other intra-group balances because the monetary item
represents a commitment to convert one currency into another and exposes
the reporting enterprise to a gain or loss through currency fluctuations.
Accordingly, in the consolidated financial statements of the reporting
enterprise, such an exchange difference continues to be recognised as
income or an expense or, if it arises from the circumstances described in
paragraph 15, it is accumulated in a foreign currency translation reserve
until the disposal of the net investment.
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 169
30. When the financial statements of a non-integral foreign operation are
drawn up to a different reporting date from that of the reporting enterprise,
the non-integral foreign operation often prepares, for purposes of incorporation
in the financial statements of the reporting enterprise, statements as at the
same date as the reporting enterprise. When it is impracticable to do this,
AS 21, Consolidated Financial Statements, allows the use of financial
statements drawn up to a different reporting date provided that the difference
is no greater than six months and adjustments are made for the effects of
any significant transactions or other events that occur between the different
reporting dates. In such a case, the assets and liabilities of the non-integral
foreign operation are translated at the exchange rate at the balance sheet
date of the non-integral foreign operation and adjustments are made when
appropriate for significant movements in exchange rates up to the balance
sheet date of the reporting enterprises in accordance with AS 21. The
same approach is used in applying the equity method to associates and in
applying proportionate consolidation to joint ventures in accordance with
AS 23, Accounting for Investments in Associates in Consolidated Financial
Statements and AS 27, Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures.
Disposal of a Non-integral Foreign Operation
31. On the disposal of a non-integral foreign operation, the cumulative
amount of the exchange differences which have been deferred and
which relate to that operation should be recognised as income or as
expenses in the same period in which the gain or loss on disposal is
recognised.
32. An enterprise may dispose of its interest in a non-integral foreign
operation through sale, liquidation, repayment of share capital, or
abandonment of all, or part of, that operation. The payment of a dividend
forms part of a disposal only when it constitutes a return of the investment.
In the case of a partial disposal, only the proportionate share of the related
accumulated exchange differences is included in the gain or loss. A writedown
of the carrying amount of a non-integral foreign operation does not
constitute a partial disposal. Accordingly, no part of the deferred foreign
exchange gain or loss is recognised at the time of a write-down.
Change in the Classification of a Foreign Operation
33. When there is a change in the classification of a foreign operation,
170 AS 11 (revised 2003)
the translation procedures applicable to the revised classification
should be applied from the date of the change in the classification.
34. The consistency principle requires that foreign operation once classified
as integral or non-integral is continued to be so classified. However, a
change in the way in which a foreign operation is financed and operates in
relation to the reporting enterprise may lead to a change in the classification
of that foreign operation. When a foreign operation that is integral to the
operations of the reporting enterprise is reclassified as a non-integral foreign
operation, exchange differences arising on the translation of non-monetary
assets at the date of the reclassification are accumulated in a foreign
currency translation reserve. When a non-integral foreign operation is
reclassified as an integral foreign operation, the translated amounts for
non-monetary items at the date of the change are treated as the historical
cost for those items in the period of change and subsequent periods.
Exchange differences which have been deferred are not recognised as
income or expenses until the disposal of the operation.
All Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates
Tax Effects of Exchange Differences
35. Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and
exchange differences arising on the translation of the financial statements
of foreign operations may have associated tax effects which are
accounted for in accordance with AS 22, Accounting for Taxes on
Income.
Forward Exchange Contracts8
36. An enterprise may enter into a forward exchange contract or
another financial instrument that is in substance a forward exchange
contract, which is not intended for trading or speculation purposes, to
establish the amount of the reporting currency required or available
at the settlement date of a transaction. The premium or discount
arising at the inception of such a forward exchange contract should
be amortised as expense or income over the life of the contract.
Exchange differences on such a contract should be recognised in the
statement of profit and loss in the reporting period in which the
8 See footnote 3.
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 171
exchange rates change. Any profit or loss arising on cancellation or
renewal of such a forward exchange contract should be recognised
as income or as expense for the period.
37. The risks associated with changes in exchange rates may be mitigated
by entering into forward exchange contracts. Any premium or discount
arising at the inception of a forward exchange contract is accounted for
separately fromthe exchange differences on the forward exchange contract.
The premium or discount that arises on entering into the contract is measured
by the difference between the exchange rate at the date of the inception
of the forward exchange contract and the forward rate specified in the
contract. Exchange difference on a forward exchange contract is the
difference between (a) the foreign currency amount of the contract
translated at the exchange rate at the reporting date, or the settlement date
where the transaction is settled during the reporting period, and (b) the
same foreign currency amount translated at the latter of the date of
inception of the forward exchange contract and the last reporting date.
38. A gain or loss on a forward exchange contract to which
paragraph 36 does not apply should be computed by multiplying the
foreign currency amount of the forward exchange contract by the
difference between the forward rate available at the reporting date
for the remaining maturity of the contract and the contracted forward
rate (or the forward rate last used to measure a gain or loss on that
contract for an earlier period). The gain or loss so computed should
be recognised in the statement of profit and loss for the period. The
premium or discount on the forward exchange contract is not
recognised separately.
39. In recording a forward exchange contract intended for trading or
speculation purposes, the premium or discount on the contract is ignored
and at each balance sheet date, the value of the contract is marked to its
current market value and the gain or loss on the contract is recognised.
Disclosure
40. An enterprise should disclose:
(a) the amount of exchange differences included in the net
profit or loss for the period; and
172 AS 11 (revised 2003)
(b) net exchange differences accumulated in foreign currency
translation reserve as a separate component of shareholders’
funds, and a reconciliation of the amount of such exchange
differences at the beginning and end of the period.
41. When the reporting currency is different from the currency of
the country in which the enterprise is domiciled, the reason for using
a different currency should be disclosed. The reason for any change
in the reporting currency should also be disclosed.
42. When there is a change in the classification of a significant
foreign operation, an enterprise should disclose:
(a) the nature of the change in classification;
(b) the reason for the change;
(c) the impact of the change in classification on shareholders’
funds; and
(d) the impact on net profit or loss for each prior period
presented had the change in classification occurred at the
beginning of the earliest period presented.
43. The effect on foreign currency monetary items or on the financial
statements of a foreign operation of a change in exchange rates occurring
after the balance sheet date is disclosed in accordance with AS 4,
Contingencies and Events Occurring After the Balance Sheet Date.
44. Disclosure is also encouraged of an enterprise’s foreign currency
risk management policy.
Transitional Provisions
45. On the first time application of this Statement, if a foreign branch
is classified as a non-integral foreign operation in accordance with
the requirements of this Statement, the accounting treatment prescribed
in paragraphs 33 and 34 of the Statement in respect of change in the
classification of a foreign operation should be applied.
Appendix
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 173
Note: This Appendix is not a part of the Accounting Standard. The
purpose of this appendix is only to bring out the major differences
between Accounting Standard 11 (revised 2003) and corresponding
International Accounting Standard (IAS) 21 (revised 1993).
Comparison with IAS 21, The Effects of Changes
in Foreign Exchange Rates (revised 1993)
Revised AS 11 (2003) differs from International Accounting Standard (IAS)
21, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, in the following
major respects in terms of scope, accounting treatment, and terminology.
1. Scope
Inclusion of forward exchange contracts
Revised AS 11 (2003) deals with forward exchange contracts both intended
for hedging and for trading or speculation. IAS 21 does not deal with hedge
accounting for foreign currency items other than the classification of
exchange differences arising on a foreign currency liability accounted for
as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign entity. It also does not deal with
forward exchange contracts for trading or speculation. The aforesaid
aspects are dealt with in IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and
Measurement. Although, an Indian accounting standard corresponding to
IAS 39 is under preparation, it has been decided to deal with accounting
for forward exchange contracts in the revised AS 11 (2003), since the
existingAS 11 deals with the same. Thus, accounting for forward exchange
contracts would not remain unaddressed untill the issuance of the Indian
accounting standard on financial instruments.
2. Accounting treatment
Recognition of exchange differences resulting from severe currency
devaluations
IAS 21, as a benchmark treatment, requires, in general, that exchange
differences on transactions be recognised as income or as expenses in the
174 AS 11 (revised 2003)
period in which they arise. IAS 21, however, also permits as an allowed
alternative treatment, that exchange differences that arise from a
severe devaluation or depreciation of a currency be included in the carrying
amount
of an asset, if certain conditions are satisfied. In line with the preference of
the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, to eliminate
alternatives, where possible, revised AS 11 (2003) adopts the benchmark
treatment as the only acceptable treatment.
3. Terminology
Foreign operation
The revised AS 11 (2003) uses the terms, integral foreign operation and
non-integral foreign operation respectively for the expressions “foreign
operations that are integral to the operations of the reporting enterprise”
and “foreign entity” used in IAS 21. The intention is to communicate the
meaning of these terms concisely. This change has no effect on the
requirements in revised AS 11 (2003). Revised AS 11 (2003) provides
additional implementation guidance by including two more indicators for the
classification of a foreign operation as a non-integral foreign operation.
Rgds/
Vineet
Accounting Standard (AS) 11(revised 2003) is detailed hereunder:
Rates (revised 2003), issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of accounting periods
commencing on or after 1-4-2004 and is mandatory in nature from that
date. The revised Standard supersedes Accounting Standard (AS) 11,
Accounting for the Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates (1994),
except that in respect of accounting for transactions in foreign currencies
entered into by the reporting enterprise itself or through its branches before
the date this Standard comes into effect, AS 11 (1994) will continue to be
applicable.
The following is the text of the revised Accounting Standard.
Objective
An enterprise may carry on activities involving foreign exchange in two
ways. It may have transactions in foreign currencies or it may have foreign
operations. In order to include foreign currency transactions and foreign
* Originally issued in 1989 and revised in 1994. The standard has been revised
again in 2003.
Scope
1. This Statement should be applied:
(a) in accounting for transactions in foreign currencies; and
(b) in translating the financial statements of foreign operations.
2. This Statement also deals with accounting for foreign currency
transactions in the nature of forward exchange contracts.3
3 It may be noted that on the basis of a decision of the Council at its meeting held on
June 24-26, 2004, an Announcement titled ‘Applicability of Accounting Standard
(AS) 11 (revised 2003), The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, in respect
of exchange differences arising on a forward exchange contract entered into to hedge
the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment or a highly probable forecast transaction’
has been issued. The Announcement clarifies that AS 11 (revised 2003) does
not deal with the accounting of exchange difference arising on a forward exchange
contract entered into to hedge the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment or a highly probable forecast transaction. It has also been separately clarified that AS 11 (revised 2003) continues to be applicable to exchange differences on all other forward
exchange contracts. The Institute, in January 2006, issued an Announcement
on ‘Accounting for exchange differences arising on a forward exchange contract
entered into to hedge the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment or a highly probable forecast transaction’ (published in ‘The Chartered Accountant’ January 2006 (pp.1090-1091)). As per the subsequent Announcements issued in this regard, the said Announcement would be applicable in respect of accounting period(s) commencing on or after April 1, 2007. [For full text of the Announcements issued in this regard, reference may be made to the section titled ‘Announcements of the Council regarding status of various documents issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India’ appearing at the beginning of this Compendium.]
AS 11 (revised 2003)
3. This Statement does not specify the currency in which an enterprise
presents its financial statements. However, an enterprise normally uses the
currency of the country in which it is domiciled. If it uses a different
currency, this Statement requires disclosure of the reason for using that
currency. This Statement also requires disclosure of the reason for any
change in the reporting currency.
4. This Statement does not deal with the restatement of an enterprise’s
financial statements from its reporting currency into another currency for
the convenience of users accustomed to that currency or for similar purposes.
5. This Statement does not deal with the presentation in a cash flow
statement of cash flows arising from transactions in a foreign currency and
the translation of cash flows of a foreign operation (see AS 3, Cash Flow
Statements).
6. This Statement does not deal with exchange differences arising from
foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an
adjustment to interest costs (see paragraph 4(e) of AS 16, Borrowing
Costs).
Definitions
7. The following terms are used in this Statement with the meanings
specified:
Average rate is the mean of the exchange rates in force during a
period. Closing rate is the exchange rate at the balance sheet date. Exchange difference is the difference resulting from reporting the same number of units of a foreign currency in the reporting currency at different exchange rates.
Exchange rate is the ratio for exchange of two currencies.
Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.
Foreign currency is a currency other than the reporting currency of an enterprise.
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates
Foreign operation is a subsidiary , associate , joint venture or branch
of the reporting enterprise, the activities of which are based or
conducted in a country other than the country of the reporting
enterprise.
Forward exchange contract means an agreement to exchange different currencies at a forward rate.
Forward rate is the specified exchange rate for exchange of two currencies at a specified future date.
Integral foreign operation is a foreign operation, the activities of which are an integral part of those of the reporting enterprise.
Monetary items are money held and assets and liabilities to be received or paid in fixed or determinable amounts of money.
Net investment in a non-integral foreign operation is the reporting enterprise’s share in the net assets of that operation.
Non-integral foreign operation is a foreign operation that is not an integral foreign operation.
Non-monetary items are assets and liabilities other than monetary
items.
Reporting currency is the currency used in presenting the financial
statements.
Foreign Currency Transactions
Initial Recognition
8. A foreign currency transaction is a transaction which is denominated
in or requires settlement in a foreign currency, including transactions arising
when an enterprise either:
9. A foreign currency transaction should be recorded, on initial
recognition in the reporting currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction.
10. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual rate at the
date of the transaction is often used, for example, an average rate for a
week or a month might be used for all transactions in each foreign currency
occurring during that period. However, if exchange rates fluctuate significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is unreliable.
Reporting at Subsequent Balance Sheet Dates
11. At each balance sheet date:
(a) foreign currency monetary items should be reported using the closing rate. However, in certain circumstances, the closing rate may not reflect with reasonable accuracy the amount in reporting currency that is likely to be realised from, or required to disburse, a foreign currency monetary item at the balance sheet date, e.g., where there are
restrictions on remittances or where the closing rate is unrealistic and it is not possible to effect an exchange of currencies at that rate at the balance sheet date. In such circumstances, the relevant monetary item should be reported
in the reporting currency at the amount which is likely to be realised from, or required to disburse, such item at the
balance sheet date;
(b) non-monetary items which are carried in terms of historical Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates cost denominated in a foreign currency should be reported
using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and
(c) non-monetary items which are carried at fair value or other similar valuation denominated in a foreign currency should
be reported using the exchange rates that existed when the values were determined.
12. Cash, receivables, and payables are examples of monetary items.
Fixed assets, inventories, and investments in equity shares are examples of non-monetary items. The carrying amount of an item is determined in accordance with the relevant Accounting Standards. For example, certain assets may be measured at fair value or other similar valuation (e.g., net realisable value) or at historical cost. Whether the carrying amount is determined based on fair value or other similar valuation or at historical cost, the amounts so determined for foreign currency items are then reported in the reporting currency in accordance with this Statement. The
contingent liability denominated in foreign currency at the balance sheet
date is disclosed by using the closing rate.
Recognition of Exchange Differences7
13. Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items
It may be noted that the Institute has issued in 2003 an Announcement titled
‘Treatment of exchange differences under Accounting Standard (AS) 11 (revised
2003), The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates vis-a-vis Schedule VI to the
Companies Act, 1956’. As per the Announcement, the requirement with regard to
treatment of exchange differences contained in AS 11 (revised 2003), is different from
Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956, since AS 11 (revised 2003) does not require the adjustment of exchange differences in the carrying amount of the fixed assets, in the situations envisaged in Schedule VI. It has been clarified that pending the amendment, if any, to Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956, in respect of the matter, a company adopting the treatment described in Schedule VI will still be considered to be complying with AS 11 (revised 2003) for the purposes of section 211 of the Act. Accordingly, the auditor of the company should not assert non-compliance
with AS 11 (2003) under section 227(3)(d) of the Act in such a case and should not
qualify his report in this regard on the true and fair view of the state of the company’s affairs and profit or loss of the company under section 227(2) of the Act. (published in ‘The Chartered Accountant’, November, 2003, pp. 497.) The full text of the
Announcement has been reproduced in the section titled ‘Announcements of
the Council regarding status of various documents issued by the Institute of
Chartered Accountants of India’ appearing at the beginning of this Compendium.
164 AS 11 (revised 2003) or on reporting an enterprise’s monetary items at rates different from those at which they were initially recorded during the period, or reported in previous financial statements, should be recognised as income or as expenses in the period in which they arise, with the exception of
exchange differences dealt with in accordance with paragraph 15.
14. An exchange difference results when there is a change in the exchange
rate between the transaction date and the date of settlement of any monetary
items arising from a foreign currency transaction. When the transaction is
settled within the same accounting period as that in which it occurred, all
the exchange difference is recognised in that period. However, when the
transaction is settled in a subsequent accounting period, the exchange
difference recognised in each intervening period up to the period of settlement
is determined by the change in exchange rates during that period.
Net Investment in a Non-integral Foreign Operation
15. Exchange differences arising on a monetary item that, in substance, forms part of an enterprise’s net investment in a nonintegral foreign operation should be accumulated in a foreign currency
translation reserve in the enterprise’s financial statements until the disposal of the net investment, at which time they should be recognised as income or as expenses in accordance with paragraph 31.
16. An enterprise may have a monetary item that is receivable from, or payable to, a non-integral foreign operation. An item for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future is, in substance, an extension to, or deduction from, the enterprise’s net investment in that non-integral foreign operation. Such monetary items may include long-term receivables or loans but do not include trade receivables or trade payables.
Financial Statements of Foreign Operations
Classification of Foreign Operations
17. The method used to translate the financial statements of a foreign
operation depends on the way in which it is financed and operates in relation to the reporting enterprise. For this purpose, foreign operations are
classified as either “integral foreign operations” or “non-integral foreign
operations”.
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 165
18. A foreign operation that is integral to the operations of the reporting
enterprise carries on its business as if it were an extension of the reporting
enterprise’s operations. For example, such a foreign operation might only
sell goods imported from the reporting enterprise and remit the proceeds to
the reporting enterprise. In such cases, a change in the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the currency in the country of foreign operation has an almost immediate effect on the reporting enterprise’s cash flow from operations. Therefore, the change in the exchange rate
affects the individual monetary items held by the foreign operation rather
than the reporting enterprise’s net investment in that operation.
19. In contrast, a non-integral foreign operation accumulates cash and
other monetary items, incurs expenses, generates income and perhaps arranges borrowings, all substantially in its local currency. It may also enter into transactions in foreign currencies, including transactions in the reporting currency. When there is a change in the exchange rate between the reporting currency and the local currency, there is little or no direct effect on the present and future cash flows from operations of either the non-integral foreign operation or the reporting enterprise. The change in
the exchange rate affects the reporting enterprise’s net investment in the
non-integral foreign operation rather than the individual monetary and nonmonetary items held by the non-integral foreign operation.
20. The following are indications that a foreign operation is a non-integral
foreign operation rather than an integral foreign operation:
(a) while the reporting enterprise may control the foreign operation,
the activities of the foreign operation are carried out with a
significant degree of autonomy from those of the reporting
enterprise;
(b) transactions with the reporting enterprise are not a high
proportion of the foreign operation’s activities;
(c) the activities of the foreign operation are financed mainly from
its own operations or local borrowings rather than from the reporting enterprise;
(d) costs of labour, material and other components of the foreign
operation’s products or services are primarily paid or settled in
the local currency rather than in the reporting currency;
(e) the foreign operation’s sales are mainly in currencies other than
the reporting currency;
(f) cash flows of the reporting enterprise are insulated from the
day-to-day activities of the foreign operation rather than being
directly affected by the activities of the foreign operation;
(g) sales prices for the foreign operation’s products are not primarily
responsive on a short-term basis to changes in exchange rates
but are determined more by local competition or local government
regulation; and
(h) there is an active local sales market for the foreign operation’s
products, although there also might be significant amounts of
exports.
The appropriate classification for each operation can, in principle, be
established from factual information related to the indicators listed above.
In some cases, the classification of a foreign operation as either a nonintegral
foreign operation or an integral foreign operation of the reporting
enterprise may not be clear, and judgement is necessary to determine
the appropriate classification.
Integral Foreign Operations
21. The financial statements of an integral foreign operation should
be translated using the principles and procedures in paragraphs 8 to
16 as if the transactions of the foreign operation had been those of the
reporting enterprise itself.
22. The individual items in the financial statements of the foreign operation
are translated as if all its transactions had been entered into by the reporting
enterprise itself. The cost and depreciation of tangible fixed assets is
translated using the exchange rate at the date of purchase of the asset or,
if the asset is carried at fair value or other similar valuation, using the rate
that existed on the date of the valuation. The cost of inventories is translated
at the exchange rates that existed when those costs were incurred. The
recoverable amount or realisable value of an asset is translated using the
exchange rate that existed when the recoverable amount or net realisable
value was determined. For example, when the net realisable value of an
item of inventory is determined in a foreign currency, that value is translated
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 167
using the exchange rate at the date as at which the net realisable value is
determined. The rate used is therefore usually the closing rate. An adjustment
may be required to reduce the carrying amount of an asset in the financial
statements of the reporting enterprise to its recoverable amount or net
realisable value even when no such adjustment is necessary in the financial
statements of the foreign operation. Alternatively, an adjustment in the
financial statements of the foreign operation may need to be reversed in
the financial statements of the reporting enterprise.
23. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual rate at the
date of the transaction is often used, for example, an average rate for a
week or a month might be used for all transactions in each foreign currency
occurring during that period. However, if exchange rates fluctuate
significantly, the use of the average rate for a period is unreliable.
Non-integral Foreign Operations
24. In translating the financial statements of a non-integral foreign
operation for incorporation in its financial statements, the reporting
enterprise should use the following procedures:
(a) the assets and liabilities, both monetary and non-monetary,
of the non-integral foreign operation should be translated
at the closing rate;
(b) income and expense items of the non-integral foreign
operation should be translated at exchange rates at the
dates of the transactions; and
(c) all resulting exchange differences should be accumulated
in a foreign currency translation reserve until the disposal
of the net investment.
25. For practical reasons, a rate that approximates the actual exchange
rates, for example an average rate for the period, is often used to translate
income and expense items of a foreign operation.
26. The translation of the financial statements of a non-integral foreign
operation results in the recognition of exchange differences arising from:
(a) translating income and expense items at the exchange rates at
168 AS 11 (revised 2003)
the dates of transactions and assets and liabilities at the closing
rate;
(b) translating the opening net investment in the non-integral foreign
operation at an exchange rate different from that at which it
was previously reported; and
(c) other changes to equity in the non-integral foreign operation.
These exchange differences are not recognised as income or expenses for
the period because the changes in the exchange rates have little or no
direct effect on the present and future cash flows from operations of either
the non-integral foreign operation or the reporting enterprise. When a nonintegral
foreign operation is consolidated but is not wholly owned,
accumulated exchange differences arising from translation and attributable
to minority interests are allocated to, and reported as part of, the minority
interest in the consolidated balance sheet.
27. Any goodwill or capital reserve arising on the acquisition of a nonintegral
foreign operation is translated at the closing rate in accordance
with paragraph 24.
28. A contingent liability disclosed in the financial statements of a nonintegral
foreign operation is translated at the closing rate for its disclosure
in the financial statements of the reporting enterprise.
29. The incorporation of the financial statements of a non-integral foreign
operation in those of the reporting enterprise follows normal consolidation
procedures, such as the elimination of intra-group balances and intra-group
transactions of a subsidiary (see AS 21, Consolidated Financial Statements,
and AS 27, Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures). However,
an exchange difference arising on an intra-group monetary item, whether
short-term or long-term, cannot be eliminated against a corresponding
amount arising on other intra-group balances because the monetary item
represents a commitment to convert one currency into another and exposes
the reporting enterprise to a gain or loss through currency fluctuations.
Accordingly, in the consolidated financial statements of the reporting
enterprise, such an exchange difference continues to be recognised as
income or an expense or, if it arises from the circumstances described in
paragraph 15, it is accumulated in a foreign currency translation reserve
until the disposal of the net investment.
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 169
30. When the financial statements of a non-integral foreign operation are
drawn up to a different reporting date from that of the reporting enterprise,
the non-integral foreign operation often prepares, for purposes of incorporation
in the financial statements of the reporting enterprise, statements as at the
same date as the reporting enterprise. When it is impracticable to do this,
AS 21, Consolidated Financial Statements, allows the use of financial
statements drawn up to a different reporting date provided that the difference
is no greater than six months and adjustments are made for the effects of
any significant transactions or other events that occur between the different
reporting dates. In such a case, the assets and liabilities of the non-integral
foreign operation are translated at the exchange rate at the balance sheet
date of the non-integral foreign operation and adjustments are made when
appropriate for significant movements in exchange rates up to the balance
sheet date of the reporting enterprises in accordance with AS 21. The
same approach is used in applying the equity method to associates and in
applying proportionate consolidation to joint ventures in accordance with
AS 23, Accounting for Investments in Associates in Consolidated Financial
Statements and AS 27, Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures.
Disposal of a Non-integral Foreign Operation
31. On the disposal of a non-integral foreign operation, the cumulative
amount of the exchange differences which have been deferred and
which relate to that operation should be recognised as income or as
expenses in the same period in which the gain or loss on disposal is
recognised.
32. An enterprise may dispose of its interest in a non-integral foreign
operation through sale, liquidation, repayment of share capital, or
abandonment of all, or part of, that operation. The payment of a dividend
forms part of a disposal only when it constitutes a return of the investment.
In the case of a partial disposal, only the proportionate share of the related
accumulated exchange differences is included in the gain or loss. A writedown
of the carrying amount of a non-integral foreign operation does not
constitute a partial disposal. Accordingly, no part of the deferred foreign
exchange gain or loss is recognised at the time of a write-down.
Change in the Classification of a Foreign Operation
33. When there is a change in the classification of a foreign operation,
170 AS 11 (revised 2003)
the translation procedures applicable to the revised classification
should be applied from the date of the change in the classification.
34. The consistency principle requires that foreign operation once classified
as integral or non-integral is continued to be so classified. However, a
change in the way in which a foreign operation is financed and operates in
relation to the reporting enterprise may lead to a change in the classification
of that foreign operation. When a foreign operation that is integral to the
operations of the reporting enterprise is reclassified as a non-integral foreign
operation, exchange differences arising on the translation of non-monetary
assets at the date of the reclassification are accumulated in a foreign
currency translation reserve. When a non-integral foreign operation is
reclassified as an integral foreign operation, the translated amounts for
non-monetary items at the date of the change are treated as the historical
cost for those items in the period of change and subsequent periods.
Exchange differences which have been deferred are not recognised as
income or expenses until the disposal of the operation.
All Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates
Tax Effects of Exchange Differences
35. Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and
exchange differences arising on the translation of the financial statements
of foreign operations may have associated tax effects which are
accounted for in accordance with AS 22, Accounting for Taxes on
Income.
Forward Exchange Contracts8
36. An enterprise may enter into a forward exchange contract or
another financial instrument that is in substance a forward exchange
contract, which is not intended for trading or speculation purposes, to
establish the amount of the reporting currency required or available
at the settlement date of a transaction. The premium or discount
arising at the inception of such a forward exchange contract should
be amortised as expense or income over the life of the contract.
Exchange differences on such a contract should be recognised in the
statement of profit and loss in the reporting period in which the
8 See footnote 3.
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 171
exchange rates change. Any profit or loss arising on cancellation or
renewal of such a forward exchange contract should be recognised
as income or as expense for the period.
37. The risks associated with changes in exchange rates may be mitigated
by entering into forward exchange contracts. Any premium or discount
arising at the inception of a forward exchange contract is accounted for
separately fromthe exchange differences on the forward exchange contract.
The premium or discount that arises on entering into the contract is measured
by the difference between the exchange rate at the date of the inception
of the forward exchange contract and the forward rate specified in the
contract. Exchange difference on a forward exchange contract is the
difference between (a) the foreign currency amount of the contract
translated at the exchange rate at the reporting date, or the settlement date
where the transaction is settled during the reporting period, and (b) the
same foreign currency amount translated at the latter of the date of
inception of the forward exchange contract and the last reporting date.
38. A gain or loss on a forward exchange contract to which
paragraph 36 does not apply should be computed by multiplying the
foreign currency amount of the forward exchange contract by the
difference between the forward rate available at the reporting date
for the remaining maturity of the contract and the contracted forward
rate (or the forward rate last used to measure a gain or loss on that
contract for an earlier period). The gain or loss so computed should
be recognised in the statement of profit and loss for the period. The
premium or discount on the forward exchange contract is not
recognised separately.
39. In recording a forward exchange contract intended for trading or
speculation purposes, the premium or discount on the contract is ignored
and at each balance sheet date, the value of the contract is marked to its
current market value and the gain or loss on the contract is recognised.
Disclosure
40. An enterprise should disclose:
(a) the amount of exchange differences included in the net
profit or loss for the period; and
172 AS 11 (revised 2003)
(b) net exchange differences accumulated in foreign currency
translation reserve as a separate component of shareholders’
funds, and a reconciliation of the amount of such exchange
differences at the beginning and end of the period.
41. When the reporting currency is different from the currency of
the country in which the enterprise is domiciled, the reason for using
a different currency should be disclosed. The reason for any change
in the reporting currency should also be disclosed.
42. When there is a change in the classification of a significant
foreign operation, an enterprise should disclose:
(a) the nature of the change in classification;
(b) the reason for the change;
(c) the impact of the change in classification on shareholders’
funds; and
(d) the impact on net profit or loss for each prior period
presented had the change in classification occurred at the
beginning of the earliest period presented.
43. The effect on foreign currency monetary items or on the financial
statements of a foreign operation of a change in exchange rates occurring
after the balance sheet date is disclosed in accordance with AS 4,
Contingencies and Events Occurring After the Balance Sheet Date.
44. Disclosure is also encouraged of an enterprise’s foreign currency
risk management policy.
Transitional Provisions
45. On the first time application of this Statement, if a foreign branch
is classified as a non-integral foreign operation in accordance with
the requirements of this Statement, the accounting treatment prescribed
in paragraphs 33 and 34 of the Statement in respect of change in the
classification of a foreign operation should be applied.
Appendix
Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 173
Note: This Appendix is not a part of the Accounting Standard. The
purpose of this appendix is only to bring out the major differences
between Accounting Standard 11 (revised 2003) and corresponding
International Accounting Standard (IAS) 21 (revised 1993).
Comparison with IAS 21, The Effects of Changes
in Foreign Exchange Rates (revised 1993)
Revised AS 11 (2003) differs from International Accounting Standard (IAS)
21, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, in the following
major respects in terms of scope, accounting treatment, and terminology.
1. Scope
Inclusion of forward exchange contracts
Revised AS 11 (2003) deals with forward exchange contracts both intended
for hedging and for trading or speculation. IAS 21 does not deal with hedge
accounting for foreign currency items other than the classification of
exchange differences arising on a foreign currency liability accounted for
as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign entity. It also does not deal with
forward exchange contracts for trading or speculation. The aforesaid
aspects are dealt with in IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and
Measurement. Although, an Indian accounting standard corresponding to
IAS 39 is under preparation, it has been decided to deal with accounting
for forward exchange contracts in the revised AS 11 (2003), since the
existingAS 11 deals with the same. Thus, accounting for forward exchange
contracts would not remain unaddressed untill the issuance of the Indian
accounting standard on financial instruments.
2. Accounting treatment
Recognition of exchange differences resulting from severe currency
devaluations
IAS 21, as a benchmark treatment, requires, in general, that exchange
differences on transactions be recognised as income or as expenses in the
174 AS 11 (revised 2003)
period in which they arise. IAS 21, however, also permits as an allowed
alternative treatment, that exchange differences that arise from a
severe devaluation or depreciation of a currency be included in the carrying
amount
of an asset, if certain conditions are satisfied. In line with the preference of
the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, to eliminate
alternatives, where possible, revised AS 11 (2003) adopts the benchmark
treatment as the only acceptable treatment.
3. Terminology
Foreign operation
The revised AS 11 (2003) uses the terms, integral foreign operation and
non-integral foreign operation respectively for the expressions “foreign
operations that are integral to the operations of the reporting enterprise”
and “foreign entity” used in IAS 21. The intention is to communicate the
meaning of these terms concisely. This change has no effect on the
requirements in revised AS 11 (2003). Revised AS 11 (2003) provides
additional implementation guidance by including two more indicators for the
classification of a foreign operation as a non-integral foreign operation.
Rgds/
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Landmark Judgments: Important Provisions of the EPF & ESI Act interpreted by the Honorable Supreme Court of India
Mr.Balamurugan Ranganathan15 November 2024
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