why sales and purchase accounts are put in nominal account category??
Dinesh Mali
(CWA Student)
(53 Points)
Replied 27 June 2012
Because sales is always considered as income and purchase is as expences.
Nitil Kr. Agarwala
(Persuing CS)
(264 Points)
Replied 27 June 2012
| Originally posted by : Dinesh Mali | ||
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Because sales is always considered as income and purchase is as expences. |
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agreed
swami bhashkara nand sawarni
(ACCOUNTANT)
(21 Points)
Replied 27 June 2012
if some exp. occured during the last financial year but payment is made as settlement basis in this finacial year. tell me the exp. booked in prior year or in current year.
S.B.N.Sawarni
Vijayalakshmi.K
(ICWA Final )
(324 Points)
Replied 27 June 2012
Boss,
Purchase and sales comes under real account.
Purchase is a cost, only when it is matched with revenue(matching concept), it is treated as expenses. Till then, it'll be shown under closing stock.
CA Karan Lodhi
(CA and B.com(hons.))
(879 Points)
Replied 27 June 2012
As all incomes and expenditures Accounts are considered as nominal Accounts including P&L A/c.Sale A/c is the revenue A/c (Income in nature) and purchase is the expenditure for the concern.So we consider both of these A/c as nominal A/c
CA Karan Lodhi
(CA and B.com(hons.))
(879 Points)
Replied 27 June 2012
@ Swami bhaskara.
We maintain our books as per accrual basis of accounting (due basis).The expenditure will be booked in that year to which it belongs irrespective of the fact that payment is made in any susequent year.We will book the expense and then we will transfer such exp. to expense payable A/c (current liability). Hope it will help u
Nitil Kr. Agarwala
(Persuing CS)
(264 Points)
Replied 27 June 2012
@ Swami Bhaskara :-
We have to make the provision for any expenses which are likely to be settled or paid in the nex financial year. Please refer to AS-5 for the same.
As per my opinion, any expenses recorded as prior period expenses will be added back in the income as those expenses are not related to profit of the same year.
Please refer to the revised schedule-IV as below :-
Ministry of Corporate Affairs [MCA], Government of India, has on 3 March 2011, hosted on its website, the revised Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956 which deals with the Form of Balance sheet, Profit & Loss Account and disclosures to be made therein. The revised Schedule VI has been framed as per the existing non-converged Indian Accounting Standards notified under the Companies (Accounting Standards), Rules, 2006 and has no connection with the converged Indian Accounting Standards. The revised Schedule VI will apply to all the companies uniformly for the financial statements to be prepared for the financial year 2010-11 and onwards. The official notification amending the Schedule VI to the Companies Act, 1956 is still awaited.
The revised Schedule VI introduces many new concepts and disclosure requirements and also does away with several statutory disclosure requirements. The practical application of the revised schedule throws up a number of questions, the answers to which may not be straight-forward or need additional guidance from the MCA or the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). In this document, we set out an overview of the key changes and implications, critical issues and our perspectives thereon. We expect that the revised Schedule VI will be followed by the publication of detailed guidance by the MCA / ICAI. Since these questions can only be conclusively answered by the MCA/ ICAI, companies are advised not to treat our perspectives as authoritative guidance. On critical issues, they should consult the MCA/ICAI or take legal/ professional advice.
An overview of revised Schedule VI
Overall approach
1. The revised schedule VI clarifies that its requirements for disclosure on the face of financial statements or in the notes are minimum requirements. Line items, sub-line items and sub-totals can be presented as an addition or substitution on the face of financial statements when such presentation is relevant for understanding of the company’s financial position or performance.
2. It clarifies that disclosures required under accounting standards and in the Act are in addition to the disclosures set-out in the revised Schedule VI. A company will make such additional disclosures in the notes to accounts or by way of an additional statement unless these are required to be disclosed on the face of the financial statements.
3. The revised Schedule VI requires that if compliance with the requirements of the Act and/ or accounting standards requires a change in the treatment or disclosure in the financial statements, the requirements of the Act and/ or accounting standards will prevail over the Schedule VI. This is a significant change in the approach since earlier the requirements of Schedule VI were prevailing over accounting standards.
4. In the existing Schedule VI, break-up of amounts disclosed in main balance sheet and profit and loss (P&L) account was given in the schedules. Additional information was furnished in the notes to account. The revised Schedule VI has eliminated the concept of schedule and such information will now be provided in the notes to accounts. This is in line with the practice under IFRS. Further, all information relating to a particular item of balance sheet and P&L account disclosed in the notes is required to be cross-referred to that item on the face of balance sheet/ P&L account.
5. Except in the case of the first financial statements laid before the company (after its incorporation), the corresponding amounts for the immediately preceding reporting period for all items shown in the financial statements including notes will also be given.
6. For the purposes of revised Schedule VI, the terms used therein will carry the meaning as defined by the applicable accounting standards. For example, the terms such as associate and related parties will have the same meaning as defined under the Companies Accounting Standards Rules.
7. In preparing the financial statements including the notes to accounts, a balance will be maintained between providing excessive detail that may not assist users of financial statements and not providing important information as a result of too much aggregation.
8. Though the revised Schedule is applicable to companies applying Indian GAAP certain concepts such as current/ non-current classification appear to be adopted from Ind-AS/IFRS. This will require companies following Indian GAAP to familiarize themselves with Ind-AS and IFRS, though these standards may never be adopted or adopted much later by these companies.
9. There is an explicit requirement to use the same unit of measurement uniformly throughout the financial statements. Moreover, rounding off rules have been changed to eliminate the option of presenting figures in terms of hundreds and thousands if turnover exceeds `100 crores.
Key changes related to balance sheet
10. The revised Schedule VI prescribes a vertical format for presentation of balance sheet. Thus, a company will not have option to use horizontal format for presentation of financial statements.
11. Current and non-current classification has been introduced for presentation of assets and liabilities in the balance sheet which is more in line with the concepts used under Ind-AS/ IFRS. The application of this classification will require assets and liabilities to be broken into their current and non¬current portions. For instance, current maturities of a long term borrowing will have to be classified under the head “Other current liabilities.”
12. Number of shares held by each shareholder holding more than 5% shares now needs to be disclosed. In the absence of any specific indication of the date of holding, we believe that such information will be based on shares held as on the balance sheet date.
13. Details pertaining to aggregate number and class of shares allotted for consideration other than cash, bonus shares and shares bought back will be disclosed only if such an event has occurred during a period of 5 years immediately preceding the balance sheet date.
14. Any debit balance in P&L account will be disclosed under the head “Reserves and surplus.” Earlier, any P&L debit balance carried forward after deduction from uncommitted reserves was required to be shown on the asset side of the balance sheet.
15. Specific disclosures are prescribed for the share application money. The application money not exceeding the capital offered for issuance and to the extent not refundable will be shown separately on the face of the balance sheet. The amount in excess of subscripttttion or if the requirements of minimum subscripttttion are not met will be shown under “Other current liabilities.”
16. The term “sundry debtors” has been replaced with the term “trade receivables.” Trade receivables are defined as dues arising only from goods sold or services rendered in the normal course of business. Hence, amounts due on account of other contractual obligations, which were earlier included in the sundry debtors, can no longer be included in the trade receivables.
17. The earlier Schedule VI required separate presentation of debtors (i) outstanding for a period exceeding 6 months (i.e., based on billing date) and (ii) other debtors, in a Schedule to the balance sheet. However, the revised Schedule VI requires separate disclosure of “trade receivables outstanding for a period exceeding 6 months from the date they became due for payment.”
18. “Capital advances” are now required to be presented separately under the head “Loans & advances” rather than as part of “capital work-in-progress” or “fixed assets.”
19. Tangible assets under lease are required to be separately specified under each class of asset. In the absence of any further clarification, it appears that the term “under lease” should be taken to mean assets given on operating lease in the case of lessor and assets held under finance lease in the case of lessee. Further, leasehold improvements should continue to be shown as a separate asset class.
20. In the earlier Schedule VI, details of capital commitments were required to be disclosed. Under the revised Schedule VI, all commitments need to be disclosed.
21. The revised Schedule VI requires all defaults in repayment of loans and interest to be specified in each case. Earlier, such disclosure was required only in the Companies Auditor’s Report Order (CARO) section of the audit report and only for defaults in repayment of dues to a financial institution, bank and debenture holders.
22. The revised Schedule VI introduces a number of other additional disclosures. Key examples are:
a. Rights, preferences and restrictions attaching to each class of shares including restrictions on the distribution of dividends and the repayment of capital
b. Terms of repayment of loans and period
c. In each class of investment, details regarding names of the bodies corporate, indicating separately whether such bodies are (i) subsidiaries, (ii) associates, (iii) joint ventures, or (iv) controlled special purpose entities, in whom investments have been made and the nature and extent of the investment made in each such body corporate (showing separately partly-paid investments)
d. Regarding investments in the capital of partnership firms, the names of the firms with the names of all their partners, total capital and the shares of each partner
e. Aggregate provision for diminution in value of investments (separately for current and long-term investments)
f. Stock-in-trade held for trading purposes, separately from other finished goods
Key changes related to P&L account
23. Unlike the earlier version, the revised Schedule VI lays down a format for the presentation of P&L account. This format of P&L account does not list any appropriation item on its face. Further, the revised Schedule VI format prescribes below the line adjustments to be presented under “Reserves and Surplus” in the balance sheet. The classification of expenses is based on their nature and not on their function.
24. In addition to specific disclosures prescribed in the P&L account, any item of income or expense which exceeds 1% of the revenue from operations or `100,000, whichever is higher, needs to be disclosed separately.
25. The existing Schedule VI required the parent company to recognize dividends declared by subsidiary companies even after the date of the balance sheet if they were pertaining to the period ending on or before the balance sheet date. Such requirement no longer exists in revised Schedule VI. Accordingly, as per AS 9 Revenue Recognition, dividends should be recognized as income only when the right to receive dividends is established by the balance sheet date.
26. In respect of companies other than finance companies, revenue from operations need to be disclosed separately as revenue from (a) sale of products, (b) sale of services and (c) other operating revenues.
27. Net exchange gain/loss on foreign currency borrowings to the extent considered as an adjustment to interest cost needs to be disclosed separately as a finance cost.
28. Break-up in terms of quantitative disclosures for significant items of P&L account such as raw material consumption, stocks, purchases and sales have been simplified and replaced with the disclosure of “broad heads” only. The broad heads need to be decided based on materiality and presentation of true and fair view of the financial statements.
Simplification of disclosures
29. The revised Schedule VI has removed a number of disclosure requirements that were not considered relevant in the present day context. Examples include:
a. Disclosures relating to managerial remuneration and computation of net profits for calculation of commission
b. Information relating to licensed capacity, installed capacity and actual production
c. Information on investments purchased and sold during the year
d. Investments, sundry debtors and loans & advances pertaining to companies under the same management
e. Commission, brokerage and non-trade discounts (also refer point no. 24)
However, there are certain disclosures such as value of imports calculated on CIF basis and expenditure in foreign currency etc. that are still continuing in the revised Schedule VI.
Practical issues and perspectives
An overview of key issues arising from the revised Schedule VI and our perspectives thereon are given below.
General
When does the revised Schedule VI apply from?
As per the last note on the MCA website the revised schedule VI applies from 2010-11. We believe that this will be formalized by issuance of a formal notification shortly.
A company having 31 December 2010 year-end is publishing its financial statements after the notification of the revised Schedule VI. Can it voluntarily apply the revised Schedule VI in the preparation of its financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2010?
Schedule VI is a statutory format and its applicability is governed by the official notification. We believe that the company can apply the revised Schedule VI in the preparation of its financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2010, only if its early application is permitted in the official notification.
Irrespective of the format used in its December 2010 statutory financial statements, the company should use the revised Schedule VI in the preparation of its tax financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2011.
A company has 30 September year-end and is publishing its half-yearly financial statements for the period ended 31 March 2011, after the notification of the revised Schedule VI. Should the company use the existing or the revised schedule VI in the preparation of its half yearly financial statements?
Paragraph 10 and 11 of AS 25 Interim Financial Reporting states as below:
“10. If an enterprise prepares and presents a complete set of financial statements in its interim financial report, the form and content of those statements should conform to the requirements as applicable to annual complete set of financial statements.
11. If an enterprise prepares and presents a set of condensed financial statements in its interim financial report, those condensed statements should include, at a minimum, each of the headings and sub-headings that were included in its most recent annual financial statements and the selected explanatory notes as required by this Statement. …”
From the above, it is clear that if the company is presenting only condensed interim financial statements, its format should conform to that used in the company’s most recent annual financial statements, i.e., the existing Schedule VI. However, if it is presenting a complete set of financial statements, it should use the revised Schedule VI, i.e., the new format applicable to annual financial statements.
Is a company required to present the comparative information as per the revised Schedule VI in the first year of its application?
The revised Schedule VI requires all financial statements, except the first financial statements of a company prepared after its incorporation, to disclose the corresponding amounts for the immediately preceding reporting period for all items in the financial statements and notes to the financial statements. Hence, we believe that the comparative information will have to be presented in the revised format starting from its first year of application.
Recently, the MCA had issued a notification under section 211 of the Act to provide exemption from certain disclosures required under part II of the existing Schedule VI. To avail this exemption, companies were required to comply with certain conditions. What is the applicability of this exemption to the revised Schedule VI?
We believe that the said exemption was applicable only under the existing Schedule VI. Since the revised Schedule VI will supersede the existing Schedule VI, the said exemption will not have any implication. This view can also be supported by the fact that the revised Schedule VI does not contain the disclosure requirement which were exempted in the said notification.
Issues relating to balance sheet
The revised Schedule VI requires different classes of preference shares to be “treated separately.” Does it mean that a company compulsorily needs to decide whether its preference shares are liability or equity based on their economic substance using AS 31 Financial Instruments: Presentation principles and present the same accordingly? If yes, will all companies disclose the redeemable preference shares as “liability”?
The revised Schedule VI deals only with presentation and disclosure requirements. Accounting for various items will be governed by the applicable standards. Keeping this in view, we believe that the following position will apply:
1. If a company early adopts AS 30 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, AS 31 and AS 32 Financial Instruments: Disclosures, it will decide the liability and equity classification of preference shares based on the principles laid in AS 31. If the application of these principles results in all or part of preference shares being classified as liability, it will use the same classification, for presentation in the balance sheet.
2. However, if a company has not applied AS 30, AS 31 and AS 32, it can continue to classify the preference shares as part of “share capital.” This is based on the argument that there is no standard dealing with accounting for preference shares and therefore past practice should prevail. Incidentally, the Companies Act also refers to the preference shares as a kind of share capital.
The revised Schedule VI requires aggregate amount of both long-term and short-term loans guaranteed by directors or “others” under each head to be disclosed. What is meant by the term “others”?
The word “others” used in the phrase “directors or others” would mean any person or entity other than a director. Therefore, this is not restricted to mean only related parties or promoters. However, in the normal course a person or entity guaranteeing a loan of a company will generally be associated with the company in some manner.
The revised Schedule VI requires that under the head “Borrowings,” details of “continuing default (in case of long-term borrowing) and default (in case of short-term borrowing) as on the balance sheet date in repayment of loans and interest shall be specified separately in each case”. The wordings give rise to following issues:
(a) Are the disclosures relating to default pertain to borrowing from banks and financial institutions or are also required for items such as bonds/debentures, deposits, finance lease obligations?
(b) Does a company need to disclose information for defaults other than repayment of loan and interest, e.g., compliance with debt covenants?
(c) How should the terms “default/ continuing default” as on the balance sheet date be interpreted?
Our perspectives on the above issues are as below:
(a) In the above clause, the word “loan” has been used more in a more generic sense and is not restricted like in CARO to borrowings from banks and financial institutions. Hence, details of default in repayment of loans and interest need to be disclosed for each of the items such as bonds/ debentures, deferred payment liability, deposit, finance lease obligation, covered under the head Borrowings.
(b) The revised schedule VI requires specific disclosures only for default in repayment of loans and interest. The revised Schedule VI does not require separate disclosure for other defaults, e.g., default in compliance with debt covenants. However, a company should consider the impact of such default on current and non-current classification and going concern implications.
(c) Though the MCA has used two different terms, viz., continuing default (in case of long-term borrowing) and default (in case of short-term borrowing), the requirement is to disclose default “as on the balance sheet date” in both the cases. Pursuant to this requirement, the details of any default in repayment of loan and interest existing as on the balance sheet needs to be separately disclosed. Any default that had occurred during the year and was subsequently made good before the end of the year is not required to be disclosed.
The revised Schedule VI requires a liability to be classified as current if the company does not have an unconditional right to defer its settlement for at least twelve months after the reporting date. How this requirement will apply to the following two cases:
(a) A company has taken a loan which is repayable on demand. However, based on the past experience, it is not expected that the lender will demand the repayment within next 12 months.
(b) Company B has taken a 5 year loan. The loan contains certain debt covenants, e.g., filing of quarterly information. The company defaulted in filing of such information in the previous quarter, with the effect that loan has become repayable on demand. However, based on the past experience, the management believes that default is minor and the bank will not demand the repayment of loan. It has also started the process of getting waiver for this default. After the reporting period and before the approval of the financial statements for issue, the bank agreed to waive the default and not to demand payment as a consequence of the default.
(c) A company has taken a 5 year term loan. Out of abundant caution the banks include a covenant that they have a right to recall the loan on demand even where the company has not violated any of the debt covenants.
The requirements of the revised Schedule VI concerning current and non-current classification are peculiar to Indian companies. We suggest that companies should familiarize themselves with these requirements in detail, after going through guidance in
Ind-AS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and other related guidance. If there is any doubt, they should consult their auditors / external professional advisors. Based on the guidance given, the following position may apply in the above cases:
(a) Since the company does not have an unconditional right to defer the settlement of loan for at least 12 months after the reporting date, it will classify the loan as current. This is despite the fact that based on the past experience, it is not expected that the lender will demand the repayment within the next 12 months.
(b) In our view, what is important is whether a borrower has an unconditional right to defer the settlement irrespective of the nature of default and whether or not a bank can exercise its right to recall the loan. If the borrower does not have such right, the classification would be “current.” However, it should be noted that such issues may involve legal interpretation of the loan agreement as to whether a borrower has an unconditional right to defer settlement. The legal interpretation would have to consider not only the wordings in the loan agreement, but also whether those clauses are legally enforceable as per the laws of the land, for example, the Banking Regulation Act. The revised Schedule VI does not specify whether the deferment right should be ascertained at the reporting date or events after the balance sheet date can be considered. It may be noted that as per the requirements of AS 4 Contingencies and Events Occurring after the Balance Sheet, when assessing the impact of events subsequent to the balance sheet date, one has to judge if those events confirm the conditions at the balance sheet date or arose after the balance sheet date. In the given case, at the balance sheet date, the default was not waived and hence the loan had become payable on demand and should therefore be classified as “current.” The subsequent waiver would change the classification from “current” to “non-current” but at the date the waiver is made. We believe that this may be an important issue for many companies and hence the MCA/ ICAI guidance is necessary.
(c) Since the borrower does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement, the same should be treated as current liability.
It may also be noted that while the criteria for classification of liability is based on the borrower’s unconditional right to defer the payment, the classification from the lender’s perspective is decided based on the expected realization. Thus, it is likely that while the borrower will classify the above loans as current liability, the same will get classified as “non-current asset” in the financial statements of lender.
From a perusal of the revised Schedule VI, it is clear that a company also needs to classify its employee benefit obligations in current and non-current categories for disclosure purposes. What is the appropriate basis for classification of these obligations into current and non-categories? Does the application of this requirement may even require the obligations such as defined benefit post employment obligations and other long-term employee benefits to be bifurcated into current and non-current components?
While AS 15 Employee Benefits governs the measurement of various employee benefit obligations, there classification as current and non-current liability will be governed by the criteria laid down in the revised Schedule VI. In accordance with these criteria, a liability is classified as current if a company does not have an unconditional right as on the balance sheet date to defer its settlement for 12 months after the reporting date. Each company will need to apply these criteria to its specific facts and circumstances and decide an appropriate classification of its employee benefit obligations. Given below is an illustrative example on application of these criteria in a simple situation:
(a) Liability toward bonus, etc., payable within one year from the balance sheet date is classified as current.
(b) In case of accumulated leave outstanding as on the reporting date, the employees have already earned the right to avail the leave and they are entitled to avail the leave at any time during the year. Hence, it is disclosed as a current liability even if it is measured as other long-term employee benefit under AS 15.
(c) Regarding funded post-employment benefit obligations, amount due for payment to the fund within 12 months created for this purpose is treated as current liability.
(d) Regarding unfunded post-employment benefit obligations, a company will have settlement obligation at the balance sheet date or within 12 months for employees such as those who have already resigned or are expected to resign or are due for retirement within the next 12 months from the balance sheet date. Thus, the amount of obligation attributable to these employees is a current liability. The remaining amount attributable to other employees, who are likely to continue in the services for the next 12 months, is classified as non-current liability. If the management believes that the amount of current liability is not material, the entire amount may be classified as non-current.
In the revised Schedule VI, there is no requirement to disclose information regarding outstanding amounts and interest due to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises or those required under Clause 32 of the Listing Agreement. Does it mean that companies can avoid making these disclosures in the financial statements?
The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 requires specified disclosures to be made in the annual financial statements of the buyer wherever such financial statements are required to be audited under any law. Hence, though not required by the revised Schedule VI, such disclosures will still be required in the audited annual financial statements.
We believe that the same principle will apply to the disclosures required under Clause 32 of the Listing Agreement and disclosures required by other applicable laws/ pronouncements issued by regulatory bodies, e.g., the disclosure regarding unhedged foreign currency exposures required by the ICAI announcement.
In case of tangible and intangible assets, where sums have been written off on reduction of capital or revaluation of assets or where sums have been added on revaluation of assets, the revised Schedule VI requires each company to disclose the amount of reduction or increase together with the date thereof for the first five years subsequent to the date of such reduction or increase. However, paragraph 39 (iii) of AS 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets requires that a company should disclose details such as gross book value of revalued assets, method adopted to compute revalued amounts, nature of indices used, year of appraisal, involvement of external valuer as long as the concerned assets are held by the enterprise. Considering the specific requirements of the revised Schedule VI, can a company avoid making disclosures required under AS 10 beyond 5 years? Further, what is the relevance of this requirement for intangible assets?
The revised Schedule VI is clear that the disclosure requirements of accounting standards are in addition to disclosures required under the Schedule. Also, in case of any conflict, the accounting standards will prevail over the Schedule. Keeping this in view, we believe that companies will make disclosures required by the revised Schedule VI only for 5 years. However, details required by AS 10 will have to be given as long as the asset is held by the company, subject to materiality.
AS 26 Intangible Assets does not permit revaluation of intangible assets. Hence, the revised Schedule VI requirement is relevant for intangible assets only in the context of reduction of capital arising from the Court schemes.
Whether capital advances also need to be bifurcated between non-current and current categories? If yes, on what basis?
Capital advances are advances given for procurement of fixed assets which are non-current assets. Typically, companies do not expect to realize them in cash in the next 12 months or within their normal operating cycle. Rather, over the period, these get categorized as one or more fixed assets. Hence, we believe that capital advances should be treated as non-current assets.
Though the revised Schedule VI states that the terms used therein will be as per the applicable accounting standards; however, it appears that the disclosures required under the head “cash and cash equivalents” are not as per the definition of the said term in AS 3 Cash Flow Statement. As per the revised Schedule, this heading will include and separately disclose amounts such as bank balances held as margin money, security against borrowings/ guarantees and bank deposits with more than 12 months maturity. How can this conflict be resolved?
The revised Schedule VI not only mandates that the requirements of accounting standards will prevail over the Schedule, it also clarifies that in case compliance with an accounting standard requires any change in the treatment or disclosure including addition, amendment, substitution or deletion in the head/sub-head, the same will be made and requirements of the revised Schedule VI will stand modified accordingly. Hence, we believe that to resolve this conflict, the caption “cash and cash equivalents” may be changed to “Cash and bank balances,” which may have two sub-headings, viz., “Cash and cash equivalents” and “Other bank balances.” The former will include only the items that constitute cash and cash equivalents defined in accordance with AS 3 (and not the revised Schedule VI), while the remaining balances will be included under the latter heading.
The earlier Schedule VI required the disclosure of only “capital commitments”. However, the revised Schedule VI requires the disclosure of all commitments, i.e., including “other commitments.” What is the nature of “commitments” that will get covered under this disclosure requirement?
The word commitment is not defined in the revised Schedule VI. From a general inference perspective, this term may be interpreted to mean an unrecognized contractual commitment, e.g., non-cancelable purchase, sale or employee contracts, not recognized in the financial statements. The purchase and sale commitments extend not only to capital items, but also inventory or services or investments.
However, we do not believe it is the intention of the regulator that all contractual non-cancellable commitments would require disclosure as that would be contrary to the overarching principle in the revised Schedule VI that “a balance shall be maintained between providing excessive detail that may not assist users of financial statements and not providing important information as a result of too much aggregation.” However, the acceptability of this view and exact disclosures required to be made can only be clarified by an authoritative guidance from the regulators. Hence, we await MCA/ICAI’s guidance on the subject.
The existing Schedule VI required the proposed dividend to be disclosed under the head “Provisions.” In the revised Schedule VI, this needs to be disclosed in the footnotes. Does it mean that proposed dividend is not required to be provided for going forward?
AS 4 still requires that “dividends stated to be in respect of the period covered by the financial statements, which are proposed or declared by the enterprise after the balance sheet date but before approval of the financial statements, should be adjusted”. Keeping this in view and the fact that accounting standards override revised Schedule VI, we believe that companies will have to continue to create a provision for dividends in respect of the period covered by the financial statements and disclose the same as a provision in the balance sheet.
The format of the balance sheet prescribed under Clause 41 of the Listing Agreement based on the existing Schedule VI will now be inconsistent with the format of the balance sheet in the revised Schedule VI. How should companies address this issue till Clause 41 is revised in line with the revised Schedule VI?
Clause 41 (I)(ea) and (eaa) of the Listing Agreement states as below for presentation balance sheet items in half-yearly and annual audit results, respectively:
“(ea) As a part of its audited or unaudited financial results for the half-year, the company shall also submit by way of a note, a statement of assets and liabilities as at the end of the half-year.
(eaa) However, when a company opts to submit un-audited financial results for the last quarter of the financial year, it shall, submit a statement of assets and liabilities as at the end of the financial year only along with the audited financial results for the entire financial year, as soon as they are approved by the Board.”
Further, Clause 41(V)(h) states as below for the format of balance sheet items:
“(h) Disclosure of balance sheet items as per items (ea) shall be in the format specified in Annexure IX drawn from Schedule VI of the Companies Act, or its equivalent formats in other statutes, as applicable.”
Based on the above guidance, we are of the following views on the issues raised:
(a) Half yearly results: Though the requirement in clause 41(V)(h) makes a reference to the Schedule VI for the presentation of balance sheet items in case of half-yearly results of a company, it has prescribed a specific format for this purpose. Further, from the language, it does not appear that the format will be automatically amended in case of any change in the Schedule VI format. Hence, we believe that till the time a new format is prescribed by the SEBI under the Clause 41, companies will continue to present their half-yearly balance sheet based on the existing Schedule VI.
(b) Annual audited yearly results: Apparently, the Clause 41(V)(h) regarding format does not refer to annual audited balance sheet. Thus, two views seem possible on this matter. One view is that since there is no prescribed format, a company can use the format used in its annual financial statements, i.e., as per the revised Schedule VI. The other view is that a company should use the same format of balance sheet items in its half-yearly and annual audited results. Thus, it will continue to use the Clause 41 format for annual audited balance sheet. We believe that till Clause 41 is amended, either view can be accepted.
We believe that this is an important matter and therefore the SEBI should provide guidance.
The format of the balance sheet and P&L account prescribed under the SEBI (Issue of Capital & Disclosure Requirements) Regulations (‘ICDR Regulations’) will also now be inconsistent with the format of the balance sheet/ P&L account in the revised Schedule VI. How should companies address this issue till the formats suggested under ICDR Regulations are revised in line with the revised Schedule VI?
The formats of balance sheet and P&L account suggested under ICDR Regulations are clearly stated as “illustrative formats.” Thus, once the revised Schedule VI becomes effective, a company should use the format prescribed in the revised Schedule VI to present the financial information for the purposes of inclusion in offer document.
Under the investments note, there is a requirement to disclose the names of bodies corporate, including separate disclosure of “controlled special purpose entities” in addition to subsidiaries, etc. What is meant by “controlled special purpose entities”?
Since this term is neither defined under Indian GAAP (the applicable accounting standards) nor in the revised Schedule VI, it is not clear how this term should be interpreted. This term is defined under Ind-AS, however, it is questionable if Ind-AS definitions can be used to interpret Indian GAAP/ Schedule VI terms. Hence, we await MCA/ ICAI’s guidance on the subject.
The revised Schedule VI requires the amount of trade receivables to be classified as current and non-current assets, based on the prescribed criteria. However, it prescribes the following disclosure for trade receivables only under the head “current assets.”
“Aggregate amount of trade receivables outstanding for a period exceeding six months from the date they are due for payment should be separately stated.”
Does it mean that a company needs to make the above disclosure only for trade receivables classified as current assets?
Yes, we believe that the requirement as currently drafted is applicable only in the case of current trade receivables.
The revised Schedule VI does not contain any specific disclosure requirement for the unamortized portion of expense items such as share issue expenses, ancillary borrowing cost and discount or premium relating to borrowings. The existing Schedule VI required these items to be included under the head “Miscellaneous Expenditure.” Does it mean that such expenses will have to be charged off to the P&L immediately?
AS 16 Borrowing Costs alludes that ancillary borrowing cost and discount or premium relating to borrowings could be amortized over the loan period. Further, share issue expenses, discount on shares, ancillary cost-discount-premium on borrowing, etc., being a special nature item are excluded from the scope of AS 26. Keeping this in view, certain companies have taken a view that it is an acceptable practice to amortize these expenses over the period of benefit, i.e., normally 3 to 5 years. The revised Schedule VI does not deal with any accounting treatment and the same continues to be governed by the respective accounting standards/ practices. Further, the revised Schedule VI is clear that additional line items can be added on the face or in the notes. Keeping this in view, we believe that companies can disclose the unamortized portion of such expenses as “Unamortized expenses”, under the head “other current/ non-current assets”, depending on whether the amount will be amortized in the next 12 months or thereafter.
Issues relating to P&L account
For non-finance companies, revenue from operations need to be disclosed separately as revenue from (a) sale of products, (b) sale of services and (c) other operating revenues. What is meant by the term “other operating revenues’?
The term “other operating revenue” is not defined. We believe that this may include income arising from company’s operating activities, i.e., either its principal or ancillary revenue-generating activities, but which is not revenue arising from sale of products or rendering of services. Whether a particular income constitutes “other operating income” or “other income” may need to be decided based on the facts of each case and detailed understanding of the company’s activities. For instance, let’s take the case of a group engaged in manufacture and sale of industrial and consumer products that has one real estate arm. The real estate arm is continuously engaged in leasing of real estate properties. In this case, the rent arising from leasing of real estate is likely to be “other operating income”. On the other hand, consider a consumer products company which owns a 10 floor building. The company currently does not need one floor for its own use and has given the same on rent. In that case, lease rent is not an “other operating income”; rather, it should be treated as “other income”.
Should the net gains arising on foreign exchange fluctuations be included under the head “Other Operating Revenues’ or “Other Income’?
We believe that the classification of net foreign exchange gain should also be based on the principles discussed in the previous issue. Typically, net gain arising on foreign exchange fluctuations would relate to foreign currency debtors, creditors, loans, etc., which are part of the operating activities of the company. Hence, these gains can be classified under the head “Other Operating Revenues,” with a separate disclosure thereof in the notes to financial statements. However, in certain cases, where such gains are not related to the company’s main operations and are arising from activities such as speculation or purchase/ sale of foreign currency investments not related to the company’s main operations, these should be classified as “Other Income.”
However, this matter is not beyond doubt and hence the MCA/ ICAI guidance is necessary.
The revised Schedule VI requires the following additional information to be given by way of notes:
|
Nature of
company
|
Disclosures required |
| Manufacturing companies |
Raw materials under broad heads
Goods purchased under broad heads |
| Trading companies | Purchases of goods traded under broad heads |
|
Companies rendering or supplying services
|
Gross income derived from Services rendered under broad heads |
| Company that falls in more than one category | It will be sufficient compliance with the requirements, if purchases, sales and consumption of raw material and the gross income from services rendered are shown under broad heads. |
Pursuant to the above requirements, what are the exact disclosures to be made in the financial statements?
Apparently, the disclosures required are quite ambiguous. There are many points which are not clear. Given below are some examples in this regard:
(a) Whether a company is required to disclose quantitative details or not.
(b) Whether a manufacturing company will disclose purchase, sale or consumption of raw material.
(c) What is meant by “good purchased” in case of manufacturing companies?
(d) While there is a requirement to disclose gross income in case of a service company and sales in case of a company falling in more than one category, there is no clear requirement to disclose sales for a manufacturing or a trading company.
(e) With regard to a company falling in more than one category 2-3 different interpretations seem possible. One interpretation is that it should disclose purchase, sale and consumption for raw material. The other interpretation is that purchase relates to traded goods, sale relates to all goods sold (both manufactured goods and traded goods) and for raw material, only consumptions needs to be disclosed.
To resolve this confusion, either the MCA or the ICAI should provide detailed guidance explaining the disclosure requirements on a priority basis. Till such guidance is provided by the MCA/ ICAI, each company will need to consider its specific circumstances and arrive at appropriate disclosures in consultation with its auditors/ external professional advisors. Since the revised Schedule VI gives a note stating that “Broad heads shall be decided taking into account the concept of materiality and presentation of true and fair view of financial statements”, a company may consider the following perspectives in deciding the disclosures required:
(a) Apparently, there is no need to give quantitative details for any of the item.
(b) Considering the ambiguity and on a conservative interpretation, a manufacturing company may disclose the following:
i. Purchase and consumption of major items of raw materials (including other items classified as raw material such as intermediates/ components/ packing material)
ii. Goods purchased for trading (if any)
iii. Though the revised Schedule VI does not specifically require, it is also suggested to disclose major items of opening and closing stock. This information will be readily available with the companies and helps in reconciliation. However, it is not mandatory.
iv. Considering the requirement to disclose gross income in case of a service company and sales in case of a company falling in more than one category, it is but logical to also disclose sales of finished goods under broad heads.
(c) The term “broad heads” may be interpreted to mean broad categories of raw materials, goods purchased, etc. These categories should be decided based on the nature of each business and other facts and circumstances.
(d) Similar principle will be followed to decide disclosure requirement in other cases
On the lines of existing Schedule VI, the revised Schedule VI also requires certain disclosures such as value of imports and expenditure in foreign currency. However, it does not provide any specific guidance on how a company will comply with these disclosure requirements. For example, will these disclosures be made on cash or accrual basis? Will the principles and guidelines enumerated in the Statement on Amendments to Schedule VI issued by ICAI continue to apply in the context of the revised Schedule VI?
The ICAI had issued the Statement on Amendments to Schedule VI to address various issues in the context of the existing Schedule VI. We believe that the ICAI should issue a revised Statement/ Guidance Note to address various issues arising from the revised Schedule VI. Till such time, we may continue using guidance in the old Statement to the extent applicable, unless it is contrary to any notified accounting standard/ revised Schedule VI etc.
Whether all the disclosures required for the annual financial statements under Companies Act are also required to be furnished in the financial statements prepared for tax purposes?
We believe that the financial statements for tax purposes should be prepared using the basic framework of the revised Schedule VI of the Companies Act, 1956. These financial statements should include all disclosures required in accordance with the accounting standards, without any exception. A company can avail the exemptions from disclosure requirements given in explanation to paragraph 6 (ASI 15) of the notified AS 21 Consolidated Financial Statements from presentation of statutory information, not considered relevant for presentation of true and fair view of the financial statements. However, under no circumstances, any disclosure considered relevant for the purposes of Income-tax Act, including the determination of book profit under section 1 15JB of the Income-tax Act, can be excluded from the tax financial statements. Based on these perspectives, the following are some examples of disclosures which companies may consider for exclusion from their tax financial statements.
1. Disclosures related with additional statutory information as per the revised Schedule VI need not be provided in tax financial statements. For example, the following disclosures can be avoided.
a. Value of imports calculated on C.I.F basis by the company during the financial year in respect of:
i. Raw materials
ii. Components and spare parts
iii. Capital goods
b. Expenditure in foreign currency during the financial year on account of royalty, know-how, professional and consultation fees, interest, and other matters
c. Total value of all imported raw materials, spare parts and components consumed during the financial year and the total value of all indigenous raw materials, spare parts and components similarly consumed and the percentage of each to the total consumption
d. The amount remitted during the year in foreign currencies on account of dividends with a specific mention of the total number of non-resident shareholders, the total number of shares held by them on which the dividends were due and the year to which the dividends related
e. Arrears of fixed cumulative dividends on preference shares
f. Payments to the auditor as (a) auditor, (b) for taxation matters, (c) for company law matters, (d) for management services, (e) for other services and (f) for reimbursement of expenses
g. Shares in the company held by each shareholder holding more than 5% shares specifying the number of shares held
h. Shares reserved for issue under options and contracts/ commitments for the sale of shares/ disinvestment, including the terms and amounts
i. Particulars of any redeemed bonds/ debentures which the company has power to reissue
j. Earnings in foreign exchange classified under the following heads:
i. Export of goods calculated on F.O.B. basis
ii. Royalty, know-how, professional and consultation fees
iii. Interest and dividend
iv. Other income, indicating the nature thereof
k. Nature of security in case of both long-term and short-term borrowings
l. Where in respect of an issue of securities made for a specific purpose, the whole or part of the amount has not been used for the specific purpose at the balance sheet date, there shall be indicated by way of note how such unutilized amounts have been used or invested
m. Other Commitments (specify nature)
2. Disclosure of loans and advances as per clause 32 of listing agreement is not required.
Companies may note that Clause 17 A has been included in the form 3CD w.e.f. AY 2009-10. As per ICAI guidance on clause 17 A, disclosure related with creditors covered under MSMED Act should be made in tax financial statements also.
Source: E & Y
________________________________________________
FORMAT OF REVISED SCHEDULE VI
Company Law : Revised Schedule VI
SCHEDULE VI
(See section 211)
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF BALANCE SHEET AND STATEMENT OF PROFIT AND LOSS OF A COMPANY IN ADDITION TO THE NOTES INCORPORATED ABOVE THE HEADING OF BALANCE SHEET UNDER
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Where compliance with the requirements of the Act including Accounting Standards as applicable to the companies require any change in treatment or disclosure including addition, amendment, substitution or deletion in the head/sub-head or any changes inter se, in the financial statements or statements forming part thereof, the same shall be made and the requirements of the Schedule VI shall stand modified accordingly.
2. The disclosure requirements specified in Part I and Part II of this Schedule are in addition to and not in substitution of the disclosure requirements specified in the Accounting Standards prescribed under the Companies Act, 1956. Additional disclosures specified in the Accounting Standards shall be made in the notes to accounts or by way of additional statement unless required to be disclosed on the face of the Financial Statements. Similarly, all other disclosures as required by the Companies Act shall be made in the notes to accounts in addition to the requirements set out in this Schedule.
3. Notes to accounts shall contain information in addition to that presented in the Financial Statements and shall provide where required (a) narrative descripttttions or disaggregations of items recognized in those statements and (b) information about items that do not qualify for recognition in those statements.
Each item on the face of the Balance Sheet and Statement of Profit and Loss shall be cross-referenced to any related information in the notes to accounts. In preparing the Financial Statements including the notes to accounts, a balance shall be maintained between providing excessive detail that may not assist users of financial statements and not providing important information as a result of too much aggregation.
4. Depending upon the turnover of the company, the figures appearing in the Financial Statements may be rounded off as below:
| Turnover | Rounding off |
| (i) less than one hundred crore rupees | To the nearest hundreds, thousands, lakhs or millions, or decimals thereof. |
| (ii) one hundred crore rupees or more | To the nearest, lakhs, millions or crores, or decimals thereof. |
Once a unit of measurement is used, it should be used uniformly in the Financial Statements.
5. Except in the case of the first Financial Statements laid before the Company (after its incorporation) the corresponding amounts (comparatives) for the immediately preceding reporting period for all items shown in the Financial Statements including notes shall also be given.
6. For the purpose of this Schedule, the terms used herein shall be as per the applicable Accounting Standards.
Notes
This part of Schedule sets out the minimum requirements for disclosure on the face of the Balance Sheet, and the Statement of Profit and Loss (hereinafter referred to as “Financial Statements” for the purpose of this Schedule) and Notes. Line items, sub-line items and sub-totals shall be presented as an addition or substitution on the face of the Financial Statements when such presentation is relevant to an understanding of the company’s financial position or performance or to cater to industry/sector-specific disclosure requirements or when required for compliance with the amendments to the Companies Act or under the Accounting Standards.
PART I – Form of BALANCE SHEET
Name of the Company…………………….
Balance Sheet as at ………………………
| (Rupees in…………) | |||
| Particulars | Note No. | Figures as at the end of current reporting period | Figures as at the end of the previous reporting period |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
I. EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
(1) Shareholders’ funds
(a) Share capital
(b) Reserves and surplus
(c) Money received against share warrants
(2) Share application money pending allotment
(3) Non-current liabilities
(a) Long-term borrowings
(b) Deferred tax liabilities (Net)
(c) Other Long term liabilities
(d) Long-term provisions
(4) Current liabilities
(a) Short-term borrowings
(b) Trade payables
(c) Other current liabilities
(d) Short-term provisions
TOTAL
II. ASSETS
Non-current assets
(1) (a) Fixed assets
(i) Tangible assets
(ii) Intangible assets
(iii) Capital work-in-progress
(iv) Intangible assets under development
(b) Non-current investments
(c) Deferred tax assets (net)
(d) Long-term loans and advances
(e) Other non-current assets
(2)
Current assets
(a) Current investments
(b) Inventories
(c) Trade receivables
(d) Cash and cash equivalents
(e) Short-term loans and advances
(f) Other current assets
TOTAL
See accompanying notes to the financial statements
Notes
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF BALANCE SHEET
1. An asset shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:
(a) it is expected to be realized in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the company’s normal operating cycle;
(b) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;
(c) it is expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting date; or
(d) it is cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.
All other assets shall be classified as non-current.
2. An operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realization in cash or cash equivalents. Where the normal operating cycle cannot be identified, it is assumed to have a duration of 12 months.
3. A liability shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:
(a) it is expected to be settled in the company’s normal operating cycle;
(b) it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;
(c) it is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date; or
(d) the company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date. Terms of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.
All other liabilities shall be classified as non-current.
4. A receivable shall be classified as a ‘trade receivable’ if it is in respect of the amount due on account of goods sold or services rendered in the normal course of business.
5. A payable shall be classified as a ‘trade payable’ if it is in respect of the amount due on account of goods purchased or services received in the normal course of business.
6. A company shall disclose the following in the notes to accounts:
A. Share Capital
for each class of share capital (different classes of preference shares to be treated separately):
(a) the number and amount of shares authorized;
(b) the number of shares issued, subscribed and fully paid, and subscribed but not fully paid;
(c) par value per share;
(d) a reconciliation of the number of shares outstanding at the beginning and at the end of the reporting period;
(e) the rights, preferences and restrictions attaching to each class of shares including restrictions on the distribution of dividends and the repayment of capital;
(f) shares in respect of each class in the company held by its holding company or its ultimate holding company including shares held by or by subsidiaries or associates of the holding company or the ultimate holding company in aggregate;
(g) shares in the company held by each shareholder holding more than 5 per cent shares specifying the number of shares held;
(h) shares reserved for issue under options and contracts/commitments for the sale of shares/disinvestment, including the terms and amounts;
(i) For the period of five years immediately preceding the date as at which the Balance Sheet is prepared:
n Aggregate number and class of shares allotted as fully paid up pursuant to contract(s) without payment being received in cash.
n Aggregate number and class of shares allotted as fully paid up by way of bonus shares.
n Aggregate number and class of shares bought back.
(j) Terms of any securities convertible into equity/preference shares issued along with the earliest date of conversion in descending order starting from the farthest such date.
(k) Calls unpaid (showing aggregate value of calls unpaid by directors and officers)
(l) Forfeited shares (amount originally paid up)
B. Reserves and Surplus
(i) Reserves and Surplus shall be classified as:
(a) Capital Reserves ;
(b) Capital Redemption Reserve;
(c) Securities Premium Reserve;
(d) Debenture Redemption Reserve;
(e) Revaluation Reserve;
(f) Share Options Outstanding Account;
(g) Other Reserves – (specify the nature and purpose of each reserve and the amount in respect thereof);
(h) Surplus i.e. balance in Statement of Profit & Loss disclosing allocations and appropriations such as dividend, bonus shares and transfer to/from reserves etc.
(Additions and deductions since last balance sheet to be shown under each of the specified heads)
(ii) A reserve specifically represented by earmarked investments shall be termed as a ‘fund’.
(iii) Debit balance of statement of profit and loss shall be shown as a negative figure under the head ‘Surplus’. Similarly, the balance of ‘Reserves and Surplus’, after adjusting negative balance of surplus, if any, shall be shown under the head ‘Reserves and Surplus’ even if the resulting figure is in the negative.
C. Long-Term Borrowings
(i) Long-term borrowings shall be classified as:
(a) Bonds/debentures.
(b) Term loans
n from banks.
n from other parties.
(c) Deferred payment liabilities.
(d) Deposits.
(e) Loans and advances from related parties.
(f) Long term maturities of finance lease obligations
(g) Other loans and advances (specify nature).
(ii) Borrowings shall further be sub-classified as secured and unsecured. Nature of security shall be specified separately in each case.
(iii) Where loans have been guaranteed by directors or others, the aggregate amount of such loans under each head shall be disclosed.
(iv) Bonds/debentures (along with the rate of interest and particulars of redemption or conversion, as the case may be) shall be stated in descending order of maturity or conversion, starting from farthest redemption or conversion date, as the case may be. Where bonds/debentures are redeemable by instalments, the date of maturity for this purpose must be reckoned as the date on which the first instalment becomes due.
(v) Particulars of any redeemed bonds/ debentures which the company has power to reissue shall be disclosed.
(vi) Terms of repayment of term loans and other loans shall be stated.
(vii) Period and amount of continuing default as on the balance sheet date in repayment of loans and interest, shall be specified separately in each case.
D. Other Long Term Liabilities
Other Long term Liabilities shall be classified as:
(a) Trade payables
(b) Others
E. Long-term provisions
The amounts shall be classified as:
(a) Provision for employee benefits.
(b) Others (specify nature).
F. Short-term borrowings
(i) Short-term borrowings shall be classified as:
(a) Loans repayable on demand
n from banks.
n from other parties.
(b) Loans and advances from related parties.
(c) Deposits.
(d) Other loans and advances (specify nature).
(ii) Borrowings shall further be sub-classified as secured and unsecured. Nature of security shall be specified separately in each case.
(iii) Where loans have been guaranteed by directors or others, the aggregate amount of such loans under each head shall be disclosed.
(iv) Period and amount of default as on the balance sheet date in repayment of loans and interest, shall be specified separately in each case.
G. Other current liabilities
The amounts shall be classified as:
(a) Current maturities of long-term debt;
(b) Current maturities of finance lease obligations;
(c) Interest accrued but not due on borrowings;
(d) Interest accrued and due on borrowings;
(e) Income received in advance;
(f) Unpaid dividends
(g) Application money received for allotment of securities and due for refund and interest accrued thereon. Share application money includes advances towards allotment of share capital. The terms and conditions including the number of shares proposed to be issued, the amount of premium, if any, and the period before which shares shall be allotted shall be disclosed. It shall also be disclosed whether the company has sufficient authorized capital to cover the share capital amount resulting from allotment of shares out of such share application money. Further, the period for which the share application money has been pending beyond the period for allotment as mentioned in the document inviting application for shares along with the reason for such share application money being pending shall be disclosed. Share application money not exceeding the issued capital and to the extent not refundable shall be shown under the head Equity and share application money to the extent refundable i.e., the amount in excess of subscripttttion or in case the requirements of minimum subscripttttion are not met, shall be separately shown under ‘Óther current liabilities’
(h) Unpaid matured deposits and interest accrued thereon
(i) Unpaid matured debentures and interest accrued thereon
(j) Other payables (specify nature);
H. Short-term provisions
The amounts shall be classified as:
(a) Provision for employee benefits.
(b) Others (specify nature).
I. Tangible assets
(i) Classification shall be given as:
(a) Land.
(b) Buildings.
(c) Plant and Equipment.
(d) Furniture and Fixtures.
(e) Vehicles.
(f) Office equipment.
(g) Others (specify nature).
(ii) Assets under lease shall be separately specified under each class of asset.
(iii) A reconciliation of the gross and net carrying amounts of each class of assets at the beginning and end of the reporting period showing additions, disposals, acquisitions through business combinations and other adjustments and the related depreciation and impairment losses/reversals shall be disclosed separately.
(iv) Where sums have been written off on a reduction of capital or revaluation of assets or where sums have been added on revaluation of assets, every balance sheet subsequent to date of such write-off, or addition shall show the reduced or increased figures as applicable and shall by way of a note also show the amount of the reduction or increase as applicable together with the date thereof for the first five years subsequent to the date of such reduction or increase.
J. Intangible assets
(i) Classification shall be given as:
(a) Goodwill.
(b) Brands /trademarks.
(c) Computer software.
(d) Mastheads and publishing titles.
(e) Mining rights.
(f) Copyrights, and patents and other intellectual property rights, services and operating rights.
(g) Recipes, formulae, models, designs and prototypes.
(h) Licenses and franchise.
(i) Others (specify nature).
(ii) A reconciliation of the gross and net carrying amounts of each class of assets at the beginning and end of the reporting period showing additions, disposals, acquisitions through business combinations and other adjustments and the related amortization and impairment losses/reversals shall be disclosed separately.
(iii) Where sums have been written off on a reduction of capital or revaluation of assets or where sums have been added on revaluation of assets, every balance sheet subsequent to date of such write-off, or addition shall show the reduced or increased figures as applicable and shall by way of a note also show the amount of the reduction or increase as applicable together with the date thereof for the first five years subsequent to the date of such reduction or increase.
K. Non-current investments
(i) Non-current investments shall be classified as trade investments and other investments and further classified as:
(a) Investment property;
(b) Investments in Equity Instruments;
(c) Investments in preference shares
(d) Investments in Government or trust securities;
(e) Investments in debentures or bonds;
(f) Investments in Mutual Funds;
(g) Investments in partnership firms
(h) Other non-current investments (specify nature)
Under each classification, details shall be given of names of the bodies corporate (indicating separately whether such bodies are (i) subsidiaries, (ii) associates, (iii) joint ventures, or (iv) controlled special purpose entities) in whom investments have been made and the nature and extent of the investment so made in each such body corporate (showing separately investments which are partly-paid). In regard to investments in the capital of partnership firms, the names of the firms (with the names of all their partners, total capital and the shares of each partner) shall be given.
(ii) Investments carried at other than at cost should be separately stated specifying the basis for valuation thereof.
(iii) The following shall also be disclosed:
(a) Aggregate amount of quoted investments and market value thereof;
(b) Aggregate amount of unquoted investments;
(c) Aggregate provision for diminution in value of investments
L. Long-term loans and advances
(i) Long-term loans and advances shall be classified as:
(a) Capital Advances;
(b) Security Deposits;
(c) Loans and advances to related parties (giving details thereof);
(d) Other loans and advances (specify nature).
(ii) The above shall also be separately sub-classified as:
(a) Secured, considered good;
(b) Unsecured, considered good;
(c) Doubtful.
(iii) Allowance for bad and doubtful loans and advances shall be disclosed under the relevant heads separately.
(iv) Loans and advances due by directors or other officers of the company or any of them either severally or jointly with any other persons or amounts due by firms or private companies respectively in which any director is a partner or a director or a member should be separately stated.
M. Other non-current assets
Other non-current assets shall be classified as:
(i) Long Term Trade Receivables (including trade receivables on deferred credit terms);
(ii) Others (specify nature)
(iii) Long term Trade Receivables, shall be sub-classified as:
(i) (a) Secured, considered good;
(b) Unsecured considered good;
(c) Doubtful
(ii) Allowance for bad and doubtful debts shall be disclosed under the relevant heads separately.
(iii) Debts due by directors or other officers of the company or any of them either severally or jointly with any other person or debts due by firms or private companies respectively in which any director is a partner or a director or a member should be separately stated.
N. Current Investments
(i) Current investments shall be classified as:
(a) Investments in Equity Instruments;
(b) Investment in Preference Shares
(c) Investments in government or trust securities;
(d) Investments in debentures or bonds;
(e) Investments in Mutual Funds;
(f) Investments in partnership firms
(g) Other investments (specify nature).
Under each classification, details shall be given of names of the bodies corporate (indicating separately whether such bodies are (i) subsidiaries, (ii) associates, (iii) joint ventures, or (iv) controlled special purpose entities) in whom investments have been made and the nature and extent of the investment so made in each such body corporate (showing separately investments which are partly-paid). In regard to investments in the capital of partnership firms, the names of the firms (with the names of all their partners, total capital and the shares of each partner) shall be given.
(ii) The following shall also be disclosed:
(a) The basis of valuation of individual investments
(b) Aggregate amount of quoted investments and market value thereof;
(c) Aggregate amount of unquoted investments;
(d) Aggregate provision made for diminution in value of investments.
O. Inventories
(i) Inventories shall be classified as:
(a) Raw materials;
(b) Work-in-progress;
(c) Finished goods;
(d) Stock-in-trade (in respect of goods acquired for trading);
(e) Stores and spares;
(f) Loose tools;
(g) Others (specify nature).
(ii) Goods-in-transit shall be disclosed under the relevant sub-head of inventories.
(iii) Mode of valuation shall be stated.
P. Trade Receivables
(i) Aggregate amount of Trade Receivables outstanding for a period exceeding six months from the date they are due for payment should be separately stated.
(ii) Trade receivables shall be sub-classified as:
(a) Secured, considered good;
(b) Unsecured considered good;
(c) Doubtful.
(iii) Allowance for bad and doubtful debts shall be disclosed under the relevant heads separately.
(iv) Debts due by directors or other officers of the company or any of them either severally or jointly with any other person or debts due by firms or private companies respectively in which any director is a partner or a director or a member should be separately stated.
Q. Cash and cash equivalents
(i) Cash and cash equivalents shall be classified as:
(a) Balances with banks;
(b) Cheques, drafts on hand;
(c) Cash on hand;
(d) Others (specify nature).
(ii) Earmarked balances with banks (for example, for unpaid dividend) shall be separately stated.
(iii) Balances with banks to the extent held as margin money or security against the borrowings, guarantees, other commitments shall be disclosed separately.
(iv) Repatriation restrictions, if any, in respect of cash and bank balances shall be separately stated.
(v) Bank deposits with more than 12 months maturity shall be disclosed separately.
R. Short-term loans and advances
(i) Short-term loans and advances shall be classified as:
(a) Loans and advances to related parties (giving details thereof);
(b) Others (specify nature).
(ii) The above shall also be sub-classified as:
(a) Secured, considered good;
(b) Unsecured, considered good;
(c) Doubtful.
(iii) Allowance for bad and doubtful loans and advances shall be disclosed under the relevant heads separately.
(iv) Loans and advances due by directors or other officers of the company or any of them either severally or jointly with any other person or amounts due by firms or private companies respectively in which any director is a partner or a director or a member shall be separately stated.
S. Other current assets (specify nature).
This is an all-inclusive heading, which incorporates current assets that do not fit into any other asset categories.
T. Contingent liabilities and commitments
(to the extent not provided for)
(i) Contingent liabilities shall be classified as:
(a) Claims against the company not acknowledged as debt;
(b) Guarantees;
(c) Other money for which the company is contingently liable
(ii) Commitments shall be classified as:
(a) Estimated amount of contracts remaining to be executed on capital account and not provided for;
(b) Uncalled liability on shares and other investments partly paid;
(c) Other commitments (specify nature).
U. The amount of dividends proposed to be distributed to equity and preference shareholders for the period and the related amount per share shall be disclosed separately. Arrears of fixed cumulative dividends on preference shares shall also be disclosed separately.
V. Where in respect of an issue of securities made for a specific purpose, the whole or part of the amount has not been used for the specific purpose at the balance sheet date, there shall be indicated by way of note how such unutilized amounts have been used or invested.
W. If, in the opinion of the Board, any of the assets other than fixed assets and non-current investments do not have a value on realization in the ordinary course of business at least equal to the amount at which they are stated, the fact that the Board is of that opinion, shall be stated.
PART II – Form of STATEMENT OF PROFIT AND LOSS
Name of the Company…………………….
Profit and loss statement for the year ended ………………………
| (Rupees in…………) | ||||
| Particulars | Note No. | Figures for the current reporting period | Figures for the previous reporting period | |
| I. | Revenue from operations | xxx | xxx | |
| II. | Other income | xxx | xxx | |
| III. | Total Revenue (I + II) | xxx | xxx | |
| IV. | Expenses: | |||
| Cost of materials consumed | xxx | xxx | ||
| Purchases of Stock-in-Trade | xxx | xxx | ||
| Changes in inventories of finished goods work-in-progress and Stock-in-Trade | xxx | xxx | ||
| Employee benefits expense | ||||
| Finance costs | ||||
| Depreciation and amortization expense | ||||
| Other expenses | ||||
| Total expenses | xxx | xxx | ||
| V. | Profit before exceptional and extraordinary items and tax (III-IV) | xxx | xxx | |
| VI. | Exceptional items | xxx | xxx | |
| VII. | Profit before extraordinary items and tax (V – VI) | xxx | xxx | |
| VIII. | Extraordinary Items | xxx | xxx | |
| IX. | Profit before tax (VII- VIII) | xxx | xxx | |
| X | Tax expense: | |||
| (1) Current tax | xxx | xxx | ||
| (2) Deferred tax | xxx | xxx | ||
| XI | Profit (Loss) for the period from continuing operations (VII-VIII) | xxx | xxx | |
| XII | Profit/(loss) from discontinuing operations | xxx | xxx | |
| XIII | Tax expense of discontinuing operations | xxx | xxx | |
| XIV | Profit/(loss) from Discontinuing operations (after tax) (XII-XIII) | xxx | xxx | |
| XV | Profit (Loss) for the period (XI + XIV) | xxx | xxx | |
| XVI | Earnings per equity share: | |||
| (1) Basic | xxx | xxx | ||
| (2) Diluted | xxx | xxx | ||
See accompanying notes to the financial statements
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF STATEMENT OF PROFIT AND LOSS
1.The provisions of this Part shall apply to the income and expenditure account referred to in sub-section (2) of section 210 of the Act, in like manner as they apply to a statement of profit and loss.
2.(A) In respect of a company other than a finance company revenue from operations shall disclose separately in the notes revenue from
(a) sale of products;
(b) sale of services;
(c) other operating revenues;
Less:
(d) Excise duty.
(B) In respect of a finance company, revenue from operations shall include revenue from
(a) Interest; and
(b) Other financial services
Revenue under each of the above heads shall be disclosed separately by way of notes to accounts to the extent applicable.
3.Finance Costs
Finance costs shall be classified as:
(a) Interest expense;
(b) Other borrowing costs;
(c) Applicable net gain/loss on foreign currency transactions and translation.
4. Other income
Other income shall be classified as:
(a) Interest Income (in case of a company other than a finance company);
(b) Dividend Income;
(c) Net gain/loss on sale of investments
(d) Other non-operating income (net of expenses directly attributable to such income).
5.Additional Information
A Company shall disclose by way of notes additional information regarding aggregate expenditure and income on the following items:-
(i) (a)Employee Benefits Expense [showing separately (i) salaries and wages, (ii) contribution to provident and other funds, (iii) expense on Employee Stock Option Scheme (ESOP) and Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), (iv) staff welfare expenses].
(b) Depreciation and amortization expense;
(c) Any item of income or expenditure which exceeds one per cent of the revenue from operations or Rs.1,00,000, whichever is higher;
(d) Interest Income;
(e) Interest Expense;
(f) Dividend Income;
(g) Net gain/ loss on sale of investments;
(h) Adjustments to the carrying amount of investments;
(i) Net gain or loss on foreign currency transaction and translation (other than considered as finance cost);
(j) Payments to the auditor as (a) auditor, (b) for taxation matters, (c) for company law matters, (d) for management services, (e) for other services, (f) for reimbursement of expenses;
(k) Details of items of exceptional and extraordinary nature;
(l) Prior period items;
(ii) (a) In the case of manufacturing companies,-
(1) Raw materials under broad heads.
(2) goods purchased under broad heads.
(b) In the case of trading companies, purchases in respect of goods traded in by the company under broad heads.
(c) In the case of companies rendering or supplying services, gross income derived form services rendered or supplied under broad heads.
(d) In the case of a company, which falls under more than one of the categories mentioned in (a), (b) and (c) above, it shall be sufficient compliance with the requirements herein if purchases, sales and consumption of raw material and the gross income from services rendered is shown under broad heads.
(e) In the case of other companies, gross income derived under broad heads.
(iii) In the case of all concerns having works-in-progress, works-in-progress under broad heads.
(iv) (a) The aggregate, if material, of any amounts set aside or proposed to be set aside, to reserve, but not including provisions made to meet any specific liability, contingency or commitment known to exist at the date as to which the balance-sheet is made up.
(b) The aggregate, if material, of any amounts withdrawn from such reserves.
(v) (a) The aggregate, if material, of the amounts set aside to provisions made for meeting specific liabilities, contingencies or commitments.
(b) The aggregate, if material, of the amounts withdrawn from such provisions, as no longer required.
(vi) Expenditure incurred on each of the following items, separately for each item:-
(a) Consumption of stores and spare parts.
(b) Power and fuel.
(c) Rent.
(d) Repairs to buildings.
(e) Repairs to machinery.
(g) Insurance .
(h) Rates and taxes, excluding, taxes on income.
(i) Miscellaneous expenses.
(vii) (a) Dividends from subsidiary companies.
(b) Provisions for losses of subsidiary companies.
(viii) The profit and loss account shall also contain by way of a note the following information, namely:-
(a) Value of imports calculated on C.I.F. basis by the company during the financial year in respect of –
I. Raw materials;
II. Components and spare parts;
III. Capital goods;
(b) Expenditure in foreign currency during the financial year on account of royalty, know-how, professional and consultation fees, interest, and other matters;
(c) Total value if all imported raw materials, spare parts and components consumed during the financial year and the total value of all indigenous raw materials, spare parts and components similarly consumed and the percentage of each to the total consumption;
(d) The amount remitted during the year in foreign currencies on account of dividends with a specific mention of the total number of non-resident shareholders, the total number of shares held by them on which the dividends were due and the year to which the dividends related;
(e) Earnings in foreign exchange classified under the following heads, namely:-
I. Export of goods calculated on F.O.B. basis;
II. Royalty, know-how, professional and consultation fees;
III. Interest and dividend;
IV. Other income, indicating the nature thereof
Note:-Broad heads shall be decided taking into account the concept of materiality and presentation of true and fair view of financial statements,”.
CA PRAVEEN SINGH
(MANAGER ACCOUNTS)
(2277 Points)
Replied 27 June 2012
because it is relating to gain or loss..
CA Pallav Singhania
(IT System Auditor)
(33262 Points)
Replied 27 June 2012
Agreed with Praveen Sir....
Sales and Purchase Day to day account hai....
and lastly jo bhi ho wo trading (GP) se PnL main jayega...
And NP Balance sheet main...
inn dono A/c ka khudka koi wajood nahi....
Ye dono Sales and purchase accounts ko Year ending me close karna parta hai...
So Nominal ki tarah treat karte hai...
Ashish
(none)
(54 Points)
Replied 27 June 2012
Income tax liability of previous year comes under which head of Balance sheet & which head of Tally software?
Angel
(Pursuing CA+CS+MBA)
(95 Points)
Replied 27 June 2012
Well, as per my knowledge Purchase and sales are real A/c ie dr what comes and cr what goes out.
When you Purchase, goods cum in and hence it is debited.
It is considered as an expense only when it is consumed/shown as cost of the goods sold.
CCI Experts Plz correct me if i m wrong.
-Angel D'souza
Landmark Judgments: Important Provisions of the EPF & ESI Act interpreted by the Honorable Supreme Court of India
CAclubindia
